Introduction

When preparing to study in the United States, it is important to gain a balanced perspective. Safety is a global, national, regional, and local phenomenon. As the world has come to realize, the United States is no more immune to acts of crime or violence than other parts of the world. The resources we provide will assist you in understanding the particular safety challenges you may face in the United States. This resource gives a framework of information, checklists, questions, available support services, ways for you to be prepared for the realities abroad in the United States, and resources that help review the type of study program you will choose/have chosen.

Students will find it extremely helpful to do some research before coming to the United States; understanding a country's culture, laws, customs, politics, etc. can be tremendously important. The more you know ahead of time about the United States, the better prepared and more confident you will feel when you arrive.

Internet research is one of the easiest ways to find more information about the United States. The Center for Global Education has compiled a condensed list of information and helpful Internet resources for students considering coming to study in the United States. In creating this site, the Center's goals are to help educate and inform students so that they can enjoy a safe and healthy time in the United States. Students are encouraged to read through the information and visit other recommended sites provided in each section.

While no study program can offer an absolute guarantee that students will be safe, there are many steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of becoming injured or a victim of crime abroad. We encourage all students, their parents, and administrators to read through the following safety suggestions in order to better prepare themselves in the case of health or safety challenges in the United States.

To address the current worldwide concern for safety, and the need for informed study abroad program participants, the Safety Abroad First-Educational Travel Information (SAFETI) Clearinghouse of the Center for Global Education makes the following safety resource guide available for students coming to study to the United States. This document is made possible through support from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE) of the U.S. Department of Education.

Why study in the U.S.A.?

More than 1/3 of students pursuing postsecondary education outside their home countries choose to study in the United States.

1. Academic Excellence
   The United States has one of the world's best college and university systems. Outstanding programs in virtually all fields at the undergraduate and graduate levels afford students the opportunity to work directly with world-renowned professors. U.S. degrees are recognized throughout the world for their excellence.
2. State of the Art Facilities & Technology
   Most U.S. colleges and universities strive to expose their students to the best possible equipment and resources available. Even fields that are outside the science or engineering scopes allow students to become skilled in using the latest technology.

3. Research & Teaching Opportunities
   U.S. colleges and universities highly value international students as college and university researchers and teachers because international students bring new skills and ideas to the classroom and laboratory. As a graduate student, you may be able to gain valuable experience in research or teaching while you help to finance your education.
4. Flexibility
   Most U.S. programs allow students to take elective courses across numerous academic fields. Most graduate programs are highly structured; however, at the advanced stages of a degree, students can opt to take independent study for a graduate thesis or dissertation. These opportunities allow international students to emphasize ideas that are personally important to their field and country.
5. You are not alone!
   At most institutions, services from the international student office help students to live and learn in their new U.S. environment. Orientation programs usually are held immediately before classes begin. During orientation, students meet their classmates and professors, and become familiarized with their new environment. Many institutions will mail orientation information to students ahead of time to give them an idea of what to expect when they arrive on campus.
6. Job Marketability
   Most students who study in the United States recognize the role of the United States as a global leader, and as such, international students who study in the United States may have an edge over others who don’t.

Why Learn American English?

For centuries, British English was revered as the "more proper," or "correct" version of the English language while American English was frowned upon as somehow inferior. However, as the world has gained more exposure to American English, British English is not necessarily considered to be the “best”form of the language today.

American English proves to be gaining enormous popularity worldwide; in fact, many countries have adopted American English as the standard wherever English is taught in schools. Also, many non-U.S. students express a far greater desire to learn American English over other varieties.

When studying in the United States, an international student must keep in mind that variations do exist between varieties of English. Accent is not the only difference between British and American English. Even within the United States itself, a student will encounter different American English accents and dialects.

In short, if students studying in the United States wish to integrate into and better understand American life and culture, they will find speaking American English to be an advantage. In addition, if a student studying in the United States one day hopes to work and live successfully on U.S. soil, then he or she will no doubt find an American accent a useful and helpful asset to posses. With the increasing global role the United States plays, being able to communicate in American English will no doubt aide a student not only in the job market but also when communicating with other international citizens.

Advice for Parents

You may want to take a similar role in the selection of your student's study abroad program as you did with your son or daughter's schooling thus far. Whether your son or daughter is looking to be a part of a short term, a language, or an undergraduate or graduate program, we understand that you expect the best. Fortunately, the United States has one of the world's best university systems with outstanding programs in virtually all fields at the undergraduate and graduate levels. To begin, we recommend that students read and fill-out this Study Abroad Handbook independently. This can be the first step that helps him/her take charge of his/her own study abroad experience. However, accomplishing the many tasks involved with planning study abroad in the United States can be difficult. Your son or daughter will most likely need your assistance.

Finding a Quality Program

With over 3,000 universities and programs to choose from, selecting just one may be a difficult process! In this section, you will get some helpful tools and advice on how to select the best program for you. You have a variety of options to choose from in the United States; they include: language academies, 2-year colleges, traditional universities and colleges, trade and technical schools, cultural tours and study tours. Prior to participating, you and your parents should take time to look at the different programs available for your U.S. study.

Selecting the Right Program for You

In this section, you will learn how to go a step beyond finding a quality program. You will begin to research quality programs that reflect your individual needs. You will be better able to find a program that matches academic and personal objectives. The following things are some personal factors that can affect a student’s program decision:

Cost: Finding a quality program that’s inexpensive is possible. Depending on you or your family’s financial situation, program cost may or may not be an issue for you. No one wants to compromise quality for cost. However, many students need to find programs that fit their personal budget. Costs for study abroad programs don’t end with a basic fee; rather, additional costs can add up for insurance, housing, meals, activities, travel, medical needs and purchases.

Spending and Saving: Careful spending is key both before you arrive in the United States, and while you are here. Make a budget for yourself and use it. Before you arrive, you may want to budget your spending by giving up things that aren’t necessities. You may have to eat out less and go out less often with your friends.

Group Size: Some study abroad programs have very high limits for enrollment, while others are very selective about the number of students they allow to participate. You should determine in which situation you might feel more comfortable.

It is important to ask your study abroad program coordinator what the ratio is between staff and students—a small program staff in charge of a large group may not be the best when you are trying to find someone to assist you. Of course, if you plan to do independent study, you may very well be the only international student at the institution you’ve chosen. This would probably give you the highest level of involvement, but you would have added responsibilities that another student studying in a program group may not have.

Class Size: Depending on how you learn best as a student, you will want to choose a program with smaller or larger class size. As a student, you may enjoy smaller class sizes because of the personal attention you receive. Also, if you are a beginning foreign language learner, you may appreciate the extra help that smaller classes can provide. On the other hand, you may be comfortable and familiar with larger classes in which you have more independent study time. You may enjoy a larger class setting where you may come in contact with more students. Ask your study abroad program coordinator what the average class size tends to be for the subjects you will take at the institution you have chosen in the United States.

Class Diversity: Ask yourself whether or not you prefer sitting next to Americans or other international students in your classes. The answer to this question will help you decide whether or not you would like to be in classes with only U.S. students, a mix of U.S. and international students, or a class where the majority of the students are from abroad. Although usually not at the beginning English level, some programs offer courses where a student can be involved in the U.S. education system by attending classes with regular students at a university/institution. Other programs separate students by designing special courses for program participants. Ask which types of classes you are able to take as part of your program. Also ask whether or not your teachers will be from the United States, if this matters to you.

Language Instruction: Even if you have little or no previous foreign language experience with English, you can still find a program to fit your personal needs. Ask if your program offers English for all levels, including beginner level instruction. If not, you may be able to take some classes in your native language. However, you may prefer to take all of your classes in English—after all, it is the official language of the United States. The more classes you take in English, the more your English will improve and the more immersed in U.S. culture and society you will feel. Ask if your program provides classes in English or other languages.

Goals: Everyone chooses to study abroad for different reasons. You may want to learn or improve your English. You may want to do independent research. You may want to get a degree, or you may just want to travel and try something new. Before choosing a program, see if it fits the personal goals and objectives you have. Ask yourself if the program you choose will allow you to complete your goals.

Who Runs Your Program?

In this section, you will learn how to better understand who runs your program, and whether it is closely connected with your home university. Before deciding on a study abroad program in the United States, it’s important to identify what kind of relationship your university has with your study abroad program; essentially, you want to know who is “in charge,”and who will help you if you need assistance.

There are five general types of study abroad program sponsors, which can be classified by the kind of relationship your home institution's staff has with a program's international staff. This can help you determine how much communication goes on between U.S. staff and abroad staff; does each party know what the other party is doing?

1. Home University Owned and Operated:	Your university usually operates facilities and programs abroad as if they were a part of its campus. It employs some or all of a program's staff abroad and owns, leases, controls or operates some or all of the program facilities and operations abroad. Staff and facilities abroad vary greatly from a one person office to a full campus.
2. Home University Partnerships:	The study abroad program is a result of a cooperative arrangement or agreement between your university and one or more educational institutions or organizations abroad. This allows your university to send its students on programs owned and operated by an American or a foreign college, university or independent program provider.
3. Independent Student:	Students find and enroll in programs independent of their university. In some cases, students will remain enrolled in their home campus, using their financial aid. In other cases, students will be required to take a leave of absence. Upon return, students may or may not receive credit for study completed abroad.
4. Individual Faculty/Staff Travel Study Program:	Many short term/summer programs are led by an individual faculty or staff member accompanying the group, with no permanent office abroad.
5. Hybrid Programs:	Many study abroad programs are mixtures of the four previously mentioned types of programs. For example, your home university may have an administrative office abroad, while courses and housing may be offered by a foreign university, and activities may be arranged by an independent program provider.

The program sponsors listed above, may provide on-site program administration through four types of program providers:

1. Foreign University Programs: Students directly enroll in the courses offered by the foreign university. Foreign universities offer varying levels of services and support.
2. U.S. University Abroad: Students can enroll in other home universities' programs abroad with which their home university has a formal agreement.
3. Independent Program Providers: Many study abroad providers are neither colleges nor universities, but are only in the business of providing study abroad programs. Programs vary from well-staffed organization with offices in the U.S. and abroad to a one person office anywhere in the world.
4. Hybrid Program Providers: Many study abroad program providers are mixtures of the three previously mentioned types of program providers. For instance, your university may have an administrative office abroad, while courses and housing may be offered by a foreign university, and excursions may be arranged by an independent program provider.

After you understand who runs your study abroad program in the United States and whether it is closely connected with your home university, the next step should involve a review of whether the level of support services both in your country and in the United States will meet your needs. Remember that there is no U.S. organization that regulates the quality and certifies any minimum standard for study abroad programs. For this reason, it would be wise to take an active role in evaluating a program prior to participating in it. It is important to look at the many types of activities provided by your program.

• Excursions/Field Trips
• Travel/Transportation
• Classes
• Housing
• Counseling (if provided)/Student Services/Health Office
• Academic Advisement for classes

There are many options in deciding where to pursue your academic goals. Most U.S. colleges, universities and independent programs offer different selections of courses and degree programs. In general, U.S. colleges and universities operate on the belief that students should take advantage of the opportunity to experience and learn new things. This is one of the main reasons why most programs do not allow students to choose a career until they’ve taken beginning courses across many fields of study. As an international student, you may be accustomed to specializing in only one field of study. Most students in the United States now believe that it is to their advantage to receive a degree in more than one discipline, and as the job market gets more competitive, employers are also now looking for employees with diverse backgrounds. In this section you will find out what are some of the areas of study in the United States and the types of programs available.

1. Liberal Arts	Liberal Arts programs are very popular among Undergraduate students. These programs provide students with a broad background across many areas of study, including arts, math, literature, foreign languages, and social and natural sciences. Individual colleges and universities set their requirements.
2. Specialized Programs	Whereas many Undergraduate students opt for a broad background, most Graduate students have an interest in a specialized field. Specialized degrees include the Masters and Doctorates (Ph.D’s) in Fine Arts, Business Administration, Architecture, Engineering Medicine, and Dentistry, to name a few. These programs prepare students to enter particular professions. Students must hold an Undergraduate degree to qualify for these programs.
3. Language Academies	Many international students who come to the United States hoping to learn English apply to ESL programs for full-time language study. The benefit of this is that language academies, naturally, emphasize an intensive English-language experience focusing on reading, writing and speaking English. One of the disadvantages is that most students, if not all, are foreign students who are also learning English. Some of these academies, like the New York Center for English Studies, are run by private businesses. Others, including the University of Southern California’s Language Academy are affiliated with major universities.
4. Fine Arts Education	If you’re interested in dance, photography, ceramics, fashion design, graphic design, interior design, or any career in the arts, you may also want to look into private colleges who specialize in the arts. Many U.S. fine arts colleges balance artistic expression with practical career goals. The Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design (AICAD) is an excellent place to learn more about fine art programs in the United States.
5. Religious Affiliations	American universities like Yale and Harvard are recognized internationally as excellent institutions of higher education. But what many people don’t know is that these universities are only two of many which were founded on religious principles. Many top students from across the country look to private religious colleges and universities for their academic studies.

Participation in a U.S. study abroad program very likely will involve contracts. You, and maybe your parents, will have to read through and sign a number of important documents. Some of these documents might limit a program's responsibility or legal responsibility in the case you are injured abroad, other contracts might hold you responsible for certain behavior, still other contracts may require you to release personal information. Read everything before you sign. If you have to, re-read everything, have your parents read everything, or have your lawyer read everything before you sign anything. Don't let anyone pressure you into signing an agreement that confuses you, or one you don't understand. Ask study abroad administrators to explain exactly what they are having you sign, what it means, and what happens if you don't want to sign. Know your rights and take time to think about any possible penalties of signing or not signing. Among other things, think about the following when deciding to sign or not sign a contract:

• By signing, what are you agreeing to do/not do?
• What rights do you gain/give up?
• Does the contract protect you or the program sponsor?
• Is the contract legally sound?
• Can the contract be broken after you have signed?

Financing Study Abroad

In this section, you will learn how to help cover the costs of study abroad in the United States. It is important to take into account all program costs to ensure you have enough funds for a healthy and safe experience in the United States.

In most cases, you will be required to prove to a university, to a consular officer, and to the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services within the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (formerly the Immigration and Naturalization Service) that you have sufficient funds to cover your living expenses while in the United States.

You can get an idea about how much money you will need by looking at catalogs or application information provided by the university you wish to attend. Keep in mind that tuition is generally more expensive at private universities. The first step is to find out whether your university is a private or public.

The cost of living in the United States also varies by region. Living in large cities like Los Angeles, New York or San Francisco can be more expensive than living in smaller towns or rural areas.

If you receive government funding, loans, fellowships, or scholarships, study abroad in the United States may be partially or fully covered by the terms of your financial aid package. If the study abroad program you have chosen is directly associated with your home campus, you may have a better chance of having your financial aid money cover your program costs in the United States. However, you can't assume that financial aid will apply; even if it does, there may be limits as to what it covers. Inquire about the terms of your financial aid package at your school's financial aid office. You may also be eligible for a student loan, or an additional loan. Before asking for a bank loan, ask a financial aid adviser on your campus. With advance planning, you may be able to obtain scholarship or loan money from your home university in your home country. There are many academic awards and fellowships available for students with an interest in study abroad or other international experiences. To find scholarship and fellowship opportunities, visit your school's financial aid office, search on-line, or consider purchasing one of the many books available on the subject. Many academic departments also offer student research grants for research study completed abroad; most often, the fields of anthropology, geology, and medicine offer research grants.

Many U.S. colleges and universities offer some financial aid for international students, but funds are very limited. If you would like to be considered for aid, you should request a financial aid application when you request an application form from a U.S. institution's admissions office. It would be wise to find out if there is a formal exchange between your home institution and the institution you wish to attend in the United States. This kind of person-for-person exchange can reduce expenses in some instances. If you are considering graduate studies, you may qualify for a teaching or research job. Individual departments at universities generally control assistantships.

Application Process

The common mistake that most international students often make is that they don't think about the amount of time they spend in submitting admission applications to U.S. colleges or universities.

The best thing that you can do is to begin the application process as early as possible. Give yourself enough time to carefully research your options. It is very important that you understand that is very important to meet all application deadlines. Most students that miss out on a study abroad opportunity do so because they submitted a late application. Again, don’t wait! If you do, it will show. Although this may seem like a lot, give yourself as much as 10 months to complete the application process.

We recommend that you use the following timeline of the application process to monitor your progress:

*This Timeline appears by courtesy of Essay.Edge.com

Keep a file on each of the schools to which you are thinking about applying. This will help you keep important information like school brochures and all application materials organized.

Consider contacting students and alumni of the schools you are considering via email to seek answers to any questions you may have. You should also speak to faculty and the counseling staff at your school or university to get feedback about your schools and programs of choice. Keep in mind that you will only be able to identify the best programs or institutions if you are well informed.

At this time, all students should register for the TOEFL exam. Additionally, undergraduate students should register and prepare for the SAT exams. Graduate students should register for the GRE, LSAT, or MCAT, or nay other exam your school may require.

Don’t forget to keep up your grades and ask early for letters of recommendation. Most U.S. colleges and universities require that letters be written in English. Undergraduates should consider asking for recommendations from counselors and teachers in whose classes they have done well. Graduates should consider obtaining letters from professors who know you well and professionals in your field of study.

If you are not happy with your test scores, register and prepare for the TOEFL and other entrance exams again.

Pre-Departure Planning

In this section, you will find useful information on how to select a travel provider, decide which guidebook is right for you, learn how to listen to your favorite U.S. radio station, and find out what documents are necessary for study abroad in the United States. Before you buy anything, research your choices, select a travel provider, and find out what documents are necessary for study abroad in the United States.

Overseas travelers have numerous options when it comes to purchasing tickets. Travel agents are a traditional option, but several student-oriented travel agencies can offer discount fairs. Other young adults, who have recently studied abroad themselves, often staff these student agencies. Therefore, they can be more knowledgeable about travel abroad. Many student agencies offer special student or youth travel discounts. Some discounts may be valid for a full year-an extended time limit that most regular travel agencies do not offer.

Student travel agencies may be the most discount-oriented. Checking with several of them may help you to establish a base price, or sometimes you may even get a reasonable fare. If you are extremely flexible, many airlines offer last minute airfare deals that can even be cheaper than student tickets.

Buying online is yet another option. Most sites post new discount offers three times a day. Some also offer the possibility of bidding for tickets at your own specified price. If your bid is accepted, you could end up flying for a very low price. However, be careful of restrictions on making an offer on (like not being able to back out of the deal once your bid has been accepted, and not being given a choice of airlines or flight times).

When you have decided where to purchase your airplane ticket, many travel experts recommend paying with a credit card. Several credit card companies offer insurance on purchases; should your tickets be lost or stolen, or you flight cancelled, you needn't lose all your money. Check with your credit card company to determine what conditions of protection apply.

Proper documentation and identification is required for entry to the United States and for re-entry into your home country. The United States has its own special requirements for entry based on your citizenship, purpose of visit and length of stay. Find out which requirements fit your situation, and plan in advance; getting documents from embassies or consulates can take from one hour up to three months. Getting a new passport may take up to six weeks.

• Passport: A passport is a document from your home country that proves your citizenship. You need a current passport that is valid beyond the time your program ends. You may need to allow more than six weeks to receive a passport. It may take even longer for citizens of some countries to obtain a passport.
• Visa: A visa is a document, provided by the country where you will be studying, which confirms your true status as an international student. Not all countries require a visa, but the United States does. A visa is generally attached to a passport, so having a passport is necessary before you can apply for a visa. Some visas are free and easy to acquire, while others may cost over $100 and require a lot of documentation and planning ahead. In most cases, the university or program you apply to will send you information about the steps you should take to get a visa. Your chosen program, college or university should send you a special form called an I-20. This form is not a visa; it is a visa application. You will need your visa, your passport, and your I-20 to enter the United States. Important Note: You can only apply for a visa after you are accepted to study at a specific institution. And if more than one school or program accepts you, you must choose one school before seeking a visa. You will also be required to present a health form or letter of good health (proof that you are free from certain diseases, etc.) to obtain a visa. And this means you must show proof of having received certain vaccinations to travel in regions with serious diseases, like cholera, yellow fever, etc.
• Maintaining Student Status: In order to remain legally in the United states, you must fulfill all of the following requirements: (1) You must remain enrolled full-time at the institution in which you are studying; (2) You must hold a valid I-20; (3) You must have a passport that is valid for at least six months after your program is over; and, (4) if you work, you must have permission to do so, and you can’t work more than 20 hours a week while school is in session.

• Tickets: As most study abroad students will fly into the United States, your plane ticket will serve as your primary travel document. For others, a train or bus ticket may suffice. Some countries will require you to show that you have a return or ongoing flight scheduled within the specific time for your visa. Student visas can last from one month to one year. If you plan to stay longer, you will need to extend your visa.
• Proof of Sufficient Funds: Your program, college or university may require proof you can care for yourself while outside of your home country. You will be asked to provide a bank statement with your current balance to show that you have enough money to pay for your needs while in the United States without having to ask the country to provide you with money.
• Letter of Acceptance: You will also be required to show an official letter of acceptance or invitation to study abroad in the United States.
• Proof of Insurance: You should have an insurance card or other document verifying that you have travel and health insurance.

• Prescriptions (Translated): If you require prescription medications while in the United States, you will very likely need to verify this requirement with a doctor's note. If your prescription is filled out in any language other than English, you should bring with you a notarized prescription, translated into English.
• Copies of Travel Documents: Along with your originals, bring a copy of all travel documents and leave copies of your travel documents with contacts at home. Remember to keep copies in a safe place, separate from where you keep your original documents.
• International Student ID Card: You should consider purchasing an International Student ID Card (ISIC) as this can provide discounts, helps verify your travel purposes, and includes a limited amount of insurance and 24-hour assistance.

• Power of Attorney: Although power of attorney may be a U.S. concept, you may have the equivalent in your country. Getting “power of attorney”allows you to designate a person who would control your personal wealth and other personal information in the event you become unable to do so. Power of attorney makes the person you choose able to withdraw your money, deposit money for you, and write your checks; His or her signature counts as your signature. You and your designated person will need to go to your bank(s) in order to set up this type of power of attorney. A notary public can also set up power of attorney for you so that the individual you designate can control not only your assets, but also other paperwork requiring your signature.
• Paying Bills: There are several ways to pay your outstanding bills from home while abroad in the United States. Credit card bills, cell phone bills, and some debt payments can be paid on-line through a personal Internet account. Check to see whether or not your credit card company or cell phone carrier offers this billing option. If you can’t pay your bills on-line, consider paying them in advance before you go arrive in the United States. You could also leave payments with a trusted, close friend or family member if he or she is willing to send in your payments for you. Any bills you acquire while in the United States can also be sent home for your parents or other relatives to pay for you.

How Foreign Laws Apply to You

In this section, you will find information on what you should know about the legal system of the United States. Your home country’s embassy is limited in what it can do to assist you if you should get into legal trouble while in the United States. As an international student in the United States, you are expected to follow U.S. law.

Not knowing local laws can get you into serious trouble. Just because something is legal in your home country doesn't mean it is legal in the United States. Most students who study abroad do not break laws on purpose; instead, they end up doing something illegal without knowing it. Even as an international student, you must obey all U.S laws.

If you break laws in the United States, your home country’s government can do very little to help you. You are granted no special privileges or rights, and will be dealt with according to standard procedure of the U.S. legal system. The U.S. government encourages all visitors to become familiar with local laws before they visit. Upon arrival in the United States, you may also wish to ask an U.S. official about local laws and procedures. Remember, most students who study abroad wind up breaking the law unintentionally, and drinking alcohol or drug use has been associated with law-breaking in many cases.

Methods of Communication While Abroad

In this section, you will learn how to communicate better with family, friends, and program administrators while you are in the United States. With the advantages of the "information age," there now exists more than just one way to communicate internationally.

Housing

Your place of residence in the United States will become the main site of most of your cultural interaction. Where you choose to live in the United States can determine to what level you will immerse yourself in American culture.

The majority of your language practice and communication will not take place in the classroom, or even during your travels. Rather, most of it will happen at home in your residence. At your place of residence, you will experience the most intense and personal form of culture-sharing, as the locals you will live with become your family, friends and roommates.

Just as it took getting used to living with your dorm or apartment roommate(s) in the United States, it will take just as much effort to adjust to your living situation in the United States. Your place of residence in the United States comes with challenges, perhaps even more challenges than you had to deal with when you lived with roommates at your U.S. home campus. You will face language and culture differences which can affect everything from when a person eats a meal, to what he or she eats, personal hygiene issues, study habits, likes and dislikes, etc… However, keep in mind that your own habits and views will also seem different to the person(s) you are living with in the United States.

When thinking about housing in the United States, the most important thing to remember is patience. Try to be patient with yourself as you try to adjust to living with others in the United States. Also, try to be patient with those you live with, as they will be learning to adjust to you as well. In the chance that things just don’t work out for you, or you just are not compatible with your roommates or host family, make sure your program offers you the right to change your place of residence. Ask your program’s administrators about your rights in regards to switching places of residence, and whether or not an administrator can help you find alternate housing should you need it. Your program administrators can act as conflict mediators to help you and your roommates or host family resolve any issues troubling you. If at any time you find your housing unsafe, be clear with program administrators and explain to them why it is unsafe and that you need to change housing as soon as possible.

There are three main types of housing options in the United States. However, not all programs will offer all three housing options. In many cases, you may only be offered one type of housing option. Also, your program may not provide housing at all, or may not be able to guarantee housing for you.

Packing

Expectations

Living in the United States will be different. It is important for you to start expecting that the United States will be different. Studying in the United States will be like no other experience you have had before in your life. With all of this excitement, adventure and learning comes a lot of change. The single most important thing to remember is to be flexible. You will no doubt have to adapt to new things you encounter in the United States. Simply thinking about some of the differences ahead of time can help better prepare you for life abroad in the United States.

You should learn to expect the unexpected. Try not to expect everything in the United States to be the same as it is in your home country. The following are some very general and basic things to which you may be accustomed in your home country, but that may be very different in the United States:

• Routines and Schedules: Your routine will change once you get to the United States. Not only might you be dealing with a time difference upon arrival, but you may have to adjust to a different "business hours" schedule. You may have a long afternoon break between classes so that you can prepare and eat lunch at home; or you may have a very short break in which you won’t have time to cook your own meal or eat at home. You may return to class late in the afternoon and have classes until later at night. You may eat lunch and dinner earlier or later than you are accustomed to doing. You might also have to adapt your routine to bus and metro schedules and to your roommates’ schedules. There are countless ways in which your routine in the United States can be different.
• Facilities: Facilities may be modern or old, working or out of order, clean or dirty. Basically, you take what you get and learn to adjust to it. You have to decide when facilities like hospitals, restaurants, beaches, public transportation, apartments, or even phone booths are in safe, working condition. In many cases, especially in poorer areas of the United States, you may have to lower your standards a bit and accept what’s available to you. Facilities do not have to be new to be useful or safe.
• Modern Conveniences: In American supermarkets, you probably will not be able to find certain favorite food items you always eat in your home country. But just because you can’t find something you’re looking for in the United States, doesn’t mean the United States lacks anything. If you like American food in your country, it doesn’t mean it will taste the same in the United States. You should not expect to find the same foods in restaurants or supermarkets, the same fast food chains or name brand items, the same style or sizes of clothing and shoes, etc. In short, if you can’t have or find everything you want, you will have to compromise.

• Co-ed Living: If you are not comfortable living with the opposite sex, make sure to make your wishes known before you are assigned housing, or before you place an ad for a roommate. Otherwise, you may be assigned to live in a co-ed dorm, or find that your roommates are of the opposite sex.

Medical Care and Insurance

All colleges and universities in the United States require that all students, including international students, have health insurance. Many campuses give you the option of purchasing health insurance through a college or university policy, or purchasing your own policy as long as it meets the college or university's requirements. In most cases, colleges and universities require that each student carry a minimum amount of insurance to cover accidents, illness, medical evacuation, or return of remains in case of death. In this section, you will find information on how to obtain medical assistance while in the United States. As insurance is critical in obtaining medical assistance while in the United States, we will then review different types of insurance that are available. For international study and travel, there are various types of insurance that you should consider purchasing prior to coming to the United States. These include major medical, emergency evacuation, repatriation of remains, 24-hour emergency help line, legal assistance, baggage, accidental death and dismemberment/life, motor vehicle, and kidnapping and terrorism insurance.

• Reviewing Your Medical History and Needs Before Coming Abroad: It is a good idea to have a checkup to know your current medical condition. Your doctor or nurse can also advise you on what special precautions to take based on your medical history and what region of the United States in which you will be studying. You may need to go to a special travel health clinic to get clear advice on medical care abroad and what challenges you may face.
• Special Needs: If you have any special needs, check with your study abroad administrators to determine how they can best help you. Most regulations for accessibility in the United States are better than in other countries. However, they vary by regions and by institutions. Check to determine if accommodations like wheelchair ramps are provided in all modes of transportation, and to determine if the housing facilities are equipped to serve people with special needs.
• Availability of Medical Care: You should ask your college, university, or program whether they might help provide advice on available medical care and support while in the United States. Most medical facilities are very well equipped. But, again, facilities will vary depending on where in the United States you are studying.
• Support Services for Medical Care: Ask your program staff about their capability to provide you with medical care assistance. It would be a good idea if they gave you a list of the best available local medical facilities. Also, find out if someone on the staff or administration is trained to handle emergency situations.

• What Insurance Covers: Know exactly what is and is not covered by your insurance plan. For example, high-risk sports injuries, dental care, and optical care are sometimes not covered by basic medical insurance. Also, if certain pre-existing conditions are excluded, check on the exact definition of "pre-existing."
• Insurance Provided By Program Sponsor: Some programs include insurance as part of their program fee and have pre-planned insurance arrangements for their participants. Purchasing their insurance may make it easier for a program’s staff to assist you. However, you should still look closely at the limitations in its coverage. If a program does not offer insurance, and/or you think a program’s insurance is not sufficient, you should consider purchasing additional travel/study abroad insurance.
• Other Aspects to Consider: Other aspects to consider include the financial limits of coverage, whether your insurance applies during independent travel or vacation, what countries it includes, whether evacuation and repatriation is included, the policy's start and end dates, and whether you will have to pay first for treatment and be reimbursed later by your insurance company. Another thing to look out for are "deductibles." A deductible is the amount you pay with your own money to the doctor or hospital. It is the part that is not covered by the insurance, and your insurance company pays the remainder of the bill.

• Major Medical: This type of insurance assures that all or part of your medical expenses for illness and injury will be paid. As medical costs are expensive in the United States, it is important to have sufficient coverage for any healthcare needs you may have.
• Emergency Evacuation: This type of insurance provides support for transportation from the scene of an accident to the closest appropriate medical care facility. This could be by ambulance, helicopter, air rescue, or other form of special transportation. The insurance provider, in conjunction with an emergency assistance company should work with a local doctor in deciding where the appropriate medical care can be provided.
• Legal Assistance/Liability Insurance: If you encounter legal difficulties while in the United States, you may need the assistance of a local attorney. If you are found responsible for damages, liability insurance may cover those costs. The U.S. Department of State may assist you in finding an attorney, but they can neither pay attorney costs nor damages.
• Lost Baggage/Property Insurance: Insurance can be purchased to cover lost baggage and loss or theft of your baggage.
• Motor Vehicle Coverage: Whether you rent a car, motorcycle, moped, or accompany someone in a personal vehicle, you should insure that you, the vehicle, and any passengers are covered in case of accident or injury. You may need to pay for damage to someone else's vehicle or pay for injuring others if you are found responsible in the case of an accident.
• Kidnapping and Terrorism Insurance: Insurance is available to provide for response to kidnapping or terrorism. Ask your insurance provider if your plan would cover such events.
• Repatriation of Remains: In the event of your death, this type of insurance will provide means for the return of your remains to your home country.
• Accidental Death and Dismemberment/Life Insurance: In the case of loss of limbs or death, this coverage provides funding to compensate you or your beneficiary. Students with a spouse or dependents may want to consider purchasing a comprehensive life insurance policy.

• Pre-Existing Conditions: Some insurance will specifically limit coverage for medical conditions existing prior to the beginning of coverage.
• High Risk Activities: Some insurance will specifically exclude coverage for high-risk activities like contact sports, skiing, mountain climbing, etc.
• Special Areas: Some insurance will limit coverage for accidents involving alcohol and drug related activities.
• Advance Payment vs. Reimbursement: It is important to know whether your insurance company will pay when services are provided. Many travel insurance policies require you to obtain approval before treatment, pay in advance of treatment, and then submit a claim for later reimbursement of medical expenses.
• 24-hour Emergency Assistance/Help Line: This type of service can be limited to a simple phone response system, or provide you with comprehensive emergency assistance for evacuation, legal aid, translation services, and other support around the world.
• Family Emergencies: Some policies may offer coverage for family emergencies, illness or death. The costs of emergency bereavement flights back home may be covered, as well as a refund in the event you cannot complete your program.
• Airline/Program Bankruptcy: Find out if your policy covers the possibility of airline or program bankruptcy, and if you are entitled to a refund if such an event occurs.

Basic Health and Safety

In this section, you will find information on how to stay well while in the United States. The process of wellness starts before you go to the United States with a visit to your doctor. You may need to get inoculations to protect yourself from infectious diseases endemic in the United States and the countries you will visit.

Planning for a Healthy and Safe Time Abroad: Learn all you can about the health and safety issues of all the countries where you plan to study and travel. This includes reading about the cultural and political climate of those countries, as well as learning about how others view people from your country, race, ethnic group, religion, gender and sexual orientation.

Planning for a Healthy and Safe Time in the United States: Preparation for your time in the United States should include an understanding of the current political, cultural and religious events of the country as well as the region, and an awareness of the social climate. Students are advised to be alert to their surroundings, and be particularly aware of any health and safety advisories for the areas in which they will be studying.

Getting a Balanced Perspective on Health and Safety in the United States: In order to gain a more objective perspective on exactly how safe travel to the United States really is, view the health and safety reports on the United States from a variety of sources. We have provided a table below with links to the Australian, Canadian and British governments’country advisories on the United States. You can use these links to compare health and safety issues in the United States to those of your home country.

	Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade: USA
	Canada: Consular Affairs - USA
	United Kingdom: Foreign Affairs and Commonwealth Office - USA

Risk Factors and Strategies to Reduce Risk

In this section, you will find information on how to avoid being a target of crime while abroad in the United States. There are helpful tips on how non-verbal communication-like gestures or manner of dress-can help keep you safer. You will also learn how to become more aware of your surroundings. Based on anecdotal information, most of the incidents resulting in injury or death of students while participating in study abroad involve:

• travel/traffic accidents
• use and abuse of drugs or alcohol
• sexual harassment and assault
• crime/petty theft
• mental health issues/stress
• diseases and illnesses that exist in the United States

Special Issues

In general, women in the United States have a lot of freedom and are afforded the same rights as men. They may work in any profession and dress as they choose. However, as in other countries, unwanted attention directed at women can range from a mild nuisance to a serious threat of danger. Acceptable treatment of women in the country where you are from may be very different from the kind of treatment acceptable in the United States. Also, the way women interact with men in the United States may not be as socially acceptable in your country. What's considered to be flirting or a sexual invitation in your home country can simply be considered "being friendly" in the United States. American women usually smile (even at strangers) and walk with their eyes up rather than looking at the ground. Reacting (positively or negatively) to un-wanted attention can serve to encourage the other person. It’s better not to pay attention. Personal space and boundaries may also be different in other countries, so make sure to clearly establish behavior that shows you're not interested.

In television and movies, the media tends to portray U.S. women as promiscuous, but this is a stereotype. To avoid trouble and unwanted attention, ask local women you meet and your programs administrators about what is considered "appropriate" behavior and dress for women. Dressing conservatively and traveling in groups are always safe bets. Although it is important to learn to adapt to a foreign culture, that doesn't mean you should have to compromise your own sense of security and dignity. If you feel you can't adapt to the sexual culture of the United States, you may have to be more selective about the location of your program.

You may not be considered an ethnic or religious minority at home, but by going abroad you become, in a sense, a minority. Although the United States is diverse and people from all across the world live here, chances are that you may still stand out from the locals. In some cases, your outward appearance can also make you stand out, especially if you are living in an area of the country where the population is very homogeneous. Sometimes the locals’curiosity, interest, ignorance or misunderstanding of you can be unpleasant.

Political turmoil or lack of tolerance can make some ethnic and religious groups a target for mistreatment or even violence in the United States. Political rallies and certain dates like anniversaries of historic events often spur ethnic and religious conflicts in many countries. Certain ethnic or religiously affiliated crimes may even be considered “hate crimes”in the United States. Particularly with regard to religion, the risk you assume depends on your level of religious involvement abroad. If others have been attacked in the United States for practicing the religion you practice, any signs of your religious affiliation may put you at risk as well.

Crisis Management

Adjustments and Culture Shock

In this section, you will learn what culture shock means and how you can overcome its effects. Experiencing new cultures, and obtaining a better understanding of your own culture, can result in some of the most positive, life-altering experiences students have while studying abroad. When coming to the United States, students will experience differences in manners, beliefs, customs, laws, language, art, religion, values, concept of self, family organization, social organization, government, behavior, etc. All of these elements combine to form the rich and unique culture of the United States.

While the introduction to new and foreign cultures greatly benefits students, it can also be overwhelming. The new cultural elements a student encounters in the U.S. may be so different that they seem "shocking" in comparison to cultural standards they are used to at home. As Bruce La Brack wrote in his article "The Missing Linkage: The Process of Integrating Orientation and Reentry":

"Just as you can't really describe the taste of a hot fudge sundae to someone who has never experienced one, it is difficult to actually convey just how disorienting entering another culture can be to a student without any cross-cultural experience."

Culture shock and its effects can occur in a number of stages. However, culture shock is not an exact step-by-step process; every student doesn't experience culture shock the same way or at the same time. The following 10 steps of cultural adjustment outlined by Steven Rhinesmith show how culture shock can be like a roller coaster ride of emotions:

Source: Returning Home, Canadian Bureau for International Education, 1984, p. 7.

1. initial anxiety
2. initial elation
3. initial culture shock
4. superficial adjustment
5. depression-frustration
6. acceptance of host culture
7. return anxiety
8. return elation
9. re-entry shock
10. reintegration

Riding the roller coaster of culture shock, a student actually follows a natural pattern of hitting peaks and valleys. The high points of excitement and interest are succeeded by lower points of depression, disorientation, or frustration. Each student will experience these ups and downs in different degrees of intensity and for different lengths of time. The process is necessary in order to make the transition from one culture to another; it helps a student or traveler to balance out and adjust.

Stages 1 through 5: Exposure to a new culture

Prior to going abroad, students may be excited about new adventures to come. A student arrives in the United States and perhaps begins to develop increasing independence as he/she starts to experience U.S. culture or another country's culture. At first, a student's expectations may be too high. He or she student may see things almost as a tourist would during the first few weeks in the United States.

A student may be heavily comparing and contrasting his/her home culture with the culture abroad. It is common for students to focus on what they see as weaknesses in foreign cultures. Students tend to point out what a foreign culture lacks; this often leads to feelings of frustration over what is "missing" or what can't be obtained in the United States in the same ways it can be at home. Students may be challenged on a regular basis by different ways of living in the United States (banking, eating, relationships, etc.). Negative feelings and frustrations may reach a level where you begin to recognize you are going through "culture shock".

Stage 6: Acceptance to a new culture

As a student gets used to American ways, things that seemed like a "crisis" may now simply be seen as different ways of doing things. Most students gradually adjust their lifestyles to be balanced with a country's own cultural standards. The cultural traits that once annoyed or bothered a student generally come to be accepted as normal. Students usually begin to understand and appreciate the cultural differences between their home countries and the United States. However, if significant problems arise, a student may briefly return to the "frustration" stage of culture shock.

As a student begins to adapt more and more, he/she may have a new set of friends, may be traveling more, and may even be dreaming in another language. The "American way" may now become the "normal" way of living.

Stages 7 through 10: Leaving a new culture behind

As a student becomes integrated to the ways of U.S. culture, the more difficult it may be to re-adapt upon return home. Home just won't look the same way it did before leaving to study abroad; a student may see home with new eyes and may also be more critical of cultural traditions once thought to be "normal". This is called reverse culture shock. Fear of experiencing reverse culture shock should not deter students from trying to integrate as fully as possible. No matter how integrated a student becomes while abroad, he or she will probably still be "shocked" by differences noted at home after so much time spent in the United States and the other countries to which you will be traveling. However, over time, a student will learn to re-adapt and reintegrate into his or her home culture.

Homesickness is one of the most common adjustment problems related to culture shock and loneliness. Experienced by students from every country, homesickness is a universal side-affect to being away from home. Psychologists often refer to homesickness as “separation anxiety”because students —in particular those moving away from home—feel separated from all that is familiar.

Feelings of homesickness may even start before you leave to study abroad. You may find yourself mildly depressed or anxious several weeks before leaving. The anticipation and preparation for this major change of lifestyle can trigger pre-departure homesickness, or sudden feelings that you don’t want to leave, or even a want to back out of your decision to study abroad.

Some students might experience homesickness within the first few days or weeks of being in the United States, while others might not be hit by homesickness until later on, or closer to the holidays. Holidays, birthdays, anniversaries, family events or even family illness or death can all cause you to feel homesick, or make you wish you were at home. Also, many students report increased feelings of homesickness during the winter months when darkness, rainy weather and the cold can lead to feelings of depression.

The following are a few tips to help you cope with feelings of homesickness:

• Don’t wait for homesickness to go away by itself. Confront your feelings by talking to someone (a counselor, family member, roommate, or another student, etc.) about your homesickness. Chances are that the other students in your program may be feeling the same way you are.
• Bring some of home along with you. Be sure to pack photos of family and friends, bring your favorite CDs and cook family recipes while in the United States.
• Make friends with locals and invite them to spend time with you. Creating such a support network can really help to alleviate homesickness while creating lasting friendships.
• Be patient with yourself as you adjust to the unexpected realities of being in the United States, and how the United States is not like home.
• Get involved by seeking out opportunities that keep you busy and occupied so that you won’t think about home. Try to work, intern, volunteer, or travel. You could also join a sports team or club, join a gym, or participate in program activities.
• You many also want to join a U.S. student association through your school to share feelings with students who have a similar background and who may also be experiencing homesickness.

Stress has many definitions. Stress affects everyone differently. The additional/new kinds of stress you may encounter in the United States may lead to anxiety/panic disorders, depression, paranoia, eating disorders, and other phobias. Any mental health challenges you have prior to going abroad may become more severe once you experience the effects of culture shock. Even mental fatigue from constant language immersion and time change may cause the symptoms of culture shock to seem overwhelming.

The symptoms of cultural adjustment a student experiences may be more intense due to the events of September 11th and other worldwide threats. Students, parents and administrators may have additional anxiety; they may also take studying abroad and safety abroad more seriously than they did prior to September 11th. Any added feelings of panic or fear related to the international war against terrorism can directly affect how well a student deals with culture shock. If you feel worldwide concerns are adding to your culture shock, seek out family, friends, or program staff/counselors with whom you feel comfortable discussing your concerns.

Airport Safety, Duties and Customs

In this section, you will find information on how to check for new updates and stricter requirements now enforced by U.S. airports and airlines. There are some basic restrictions regarding what you can and cannot bring from your country into the United States. You will also learn how to keep a better watch on your luggage.

As an increased safety measure, starting in December 2003, U.S. Federal workers will staff all U.S. airports.

No matter the country from which you are departing or entering, it is important to understand airport and airline safety and security, remembering to always cooperate with airport, airline and customs officials.

• Showing Identification: Try to always have your passport easily accessible, yet protect it against theft. Be prepared to show your passport when presenting your airline tickets/receiving boarding passes, entering departure gates, going through passport control, when boarding flights, etc.
• Carry-on Luggage: Check with your airline to find out its regulations for what you can and cannot pack in your carry-on bags. Do not put any sharp objects like nail scissors, razors, or pocket knives in your carry-on. Such items may be considered a threat to safety and could be taken away from you. Pack them in your checked baggage instead. Also, many airlines have size-limits for your carry-on baggage, so be sure to comply with these guidelines. If you don’t, you may have to check in your carry-on bags for an additional fee.
• Accepting Things from Others: Under no circumstances, should you ever take anything from, or hold anything for, anyone who asks you to do so. If anyone does ask you, simply say "no" and walk away. Don't be afraid to say "no" to family and friends. You need to think about the potential consequences before you hold anything for anyone.
• Watching Your Bags: Your bags should be in your sight at the airport up to the point when you check them at the airline counter. Once you have picked up your bags from baggage claim, and are on your way to customs, be sure to keep a close eye on all of your luggage so that no one but you has access to it.

• Random Baggage Searches: All carry-on luggage and checked baggage will be x-rayed. If you are stopped and asked to open your luggage, cooperate with the customs officials. Customs officials often conduct random baggage searches; just because your luggage gets searched, it doesn't mean you have done something wrong. Although searches apply to everyone in an airport, those who are not U.S. citizens are more likely to be searched.
• Body Searches: Airport security officials may conduct random body searches using an electronic device they wave over you. Make sure to remove any metal items (belt, wallet, watch, jewelry, etc,) In some cases, a security official of the same gender as you may conduct a body search using their hands, and/or ask you to remove your shoes for inspection. Again, both U.S. and non-U.S. citizens can be searched.
• Distractions: Airports are full of people carrying cash, travelers’checks, credit cards, passports and other valuable documents. Therefore, airports tend to be active places for thieves. While your attention is focused on checking in, boarding, getting your bags, finding a restroom, etc., you can become an easy target for theft. Be alert to anyone who suspiciously tries to distract you by asking directions, knocking over your coffee, reaching under a bathroom stall, etc.

Making the Study Abroad Experience Count at Home

As you transition back to life in your home country, you may want to continue interacting with people from the United States, do further study on U.S. issues, work in a bilingual environment, or even study abroad again in the United States or another country. One advantage of study abroad is that it can offer you a more global perspective and expand your mind. So, don't forget to consider other study abroad opportunities outside of the United States as well.

After you begin to readjust to being back home, visit your academic advisor at your home college or university. S/he will be able to inform you of whether your study abroad credits from the United States will transfer properly. Even if you are not planning on using those credits toward your graduation, the records are still important and may be needed if you decide to go on and pursue a higher level of education. You should also check with your academic advisor to make sure that you are registered for all of the courses that you need for the upcoming semester, and that you have filled out any financial aid or tuition forms that you will need for that year. If you have already earned a higher degree in the United States, now is the time to start putting it to use by finding a job in your home country.

Sometimes studying abroad will affect you to the point where you may decide to pursue another area of study. Meeting with your academic advisor, or a school counselor, is a good opportunity to discuss any changes that you might want to make to your class selection or even your current major/minor. Your advisor will be able to discuss your options with you and help you decide what the best academic path for you may be. After studying in the United States, you may even decide to change careers. Ask your academic advisor for advice about how to best pursue your interests.

If you are considering a career with a U.S. or international component, or looking for a job abroad, we also recommend that you visit your campus career center. A campus career center often provides various services for students seeking employment, and this is generally a good place to start looking for international job opportunities in your home country, in the United States, and in other countries. If your career plans require a higher degree of education, you might consider graduate school, either in the United States, your home country, or in another country. Your U.S. university's academic and career counselors should be helpful in providing you with information about career requirements and a head start on your job search in the United States.

When you start looking for a job or career, think of the professional and personal growth you've undergone while abroad in the United States. By studying in the United States, you gain an advantage over other job applicants because of your experience and education. If you can present these skills on your resume (curriculum vitae) and in your interview(s) well, you can impress almost any employer. IES, Institute for the International Education of Students, has a useful website that will help you learn to "market" your international experience in the United States (a link to this site is provided in the Resources section).

To sum up IES's resume tips:

• Make sure your international experience gets noticed by formatting your resume to highlight the U.S. institutions at which you studied, or with separate categories such as "International Education" or "International Experience".
• List any languages that you speak, internships, major projects, or field experience you had in the United States, in the appropriate categories.
• Briefly describe what you did and the skills you learned while in the United States.
• If possible, try to incorporate into your interview some of the significant learning, communication, problem-solving, etc. experiences you had in the United States.