Using The Study Abroad Handbook Website
The content on this website is divided up into four sections:
Below you will find summaries of the main sections. We suggest that you read the full-text version by clicking the link that follows the general summary.
> Selecting the Right Program for You It is important you find a program that matches your academic needs and your personal objectives. There are several personal factors you need to take into account when choosing the program that's best for you. Finances are one such factor. Before deciding on a study abroad program in China, it's important to identify the type of relationship your U.S. college or university has with your study abroad program provider. By knowing who runs your program you can determine who will help you if you need assistance. In most cases, a student's financial aid package should cover most, if not all, study abroad costs. But in some cases, it will not. Learn how to better cover the costs of study abroad in China, and print out a budget ledger to help you keep track of expenses. Do you have serious academic goals? Are you mature and flexible? Will you be able to succeed in China and abide by your program's regulations? These are just some of the questions you might have to answer on your program's application to study abroad. Make sure the personal statement portion of your application looks its best. Need writing tips?
> Pre-Departure Planning Are you having trouble buying your airplane ticket, deciding which guidebook is right for you, finding out what documents you will need, or what you need to buy before departing for China? Let us help you. You can unknowingly get into serious trouble by not understanding how China's laws apply to you as a foreigner. Find out what you should know about China's legal system, and what you can do if you get into trouble with the law. While you are in China, it is important that you stay in touch with your program's administration, and with your family and friends at all times. There are several ways to communicate internationally. Learn how to communicate from China; creating an internationally accessible email account is a good first step. Communicating through email is a vital resource. There are many types of housing options in China. Finding the right housing arrangement is extremely important. Where you choose to live in China will determine what you eat, where you sleep, and to what level you will immerse yourself in Chinese culture. Learn what option is best for you.
You should learn to expect the unexpected. Rule number one: living abroad in China will be different. Anticipating some of the differences ahead of time can help you better prepare for your life abroad in China. Learn about some of the changes you can expect.
> Basic Health and Safety Find out about health and safety issues in China, including: infectious diseases, physicals and check ups, food safety, prescriptions, fitness and exercise, transportation and the use of alcohol and drugs abroad. Do you know how to avoid being a target of crime while abroad in China? In this section, we'll tell you. Being aware of your surroundings, knowing how to dress, and knowing what kind of body language is inappropriate can help keep you safer. If you are a U.S. citizen, a woman, non-heterosexual, disabled, or a member of an ethnic or religious minority, you may have special issues about traveling to China. You may not be treated the same way in China as you are in the United States. You might want to prepare yourself by becoming more familiar with Chinese cultural norms. Handling a crisis is more difficult in a foreign environment. In the event of a serious medical emergency, or a natural disaster, you will have to cope with communication and cultural barriers. While in China you may also encounter minor crises like pick-pocketing, petty theft, and/or minor illness or injury. The key is being prepared! Read our tips on knowing how to cope during a crisis. Also be sure to check out our Emergency Card and other resources available in this section. You are not alone! Most students that go abroad will experience some form of culture shock, homesickness and stress. In this section, you will learn how to identify and cope with some common symptoms of culture shock.
> Airport Safety, Duties and Customs Now more than ever, airport security is tight. You will have to check for new updates and stricter requirements enforced by airports and airlines. In this section we'll tell you how to do so. Chances are you'll want to buy gifts for your family, but do you know what you can and cannot bring back form China? One of the biggest challenges for students who study abroad in China is re-adapting to reality in the United States. Upon return, you may find many things are different from how you left them. In this section, we'll tell you how to recognize reverse culture shock and cope with the process of returning home. Once you've had the time of your life in China and made it safely back home, how do you keep the memories alive? There are many ways you can continue your international experiences at home. Introduction
 When preparing to study abroad in China, it is important to gain a balanced perspective. Safety is a global, national, regional, and local phenomenon. As Americans have come to realize, the United States is no more immune to acts of crime or violence than other parts of the world. The resources we provide will assist you in understanding the particular safety challenges in China. This resource gives a framework of information, checklists, questions, and resources that helps review the type of study abroad program you will choose/have chosen, the available support services, and ways for you to be prepared for the realities abroad in China. Students may find it extremely helpful to do some research before going to China; understanding a country's culture, laws, customs, politics, etc. can be tremendously important. The more you know ahead of time about China, the better prepared and more confident you will feel when you arrive. Internet research is one of the easiest ways to find more information about China. The Center for Global Education compiled a condensed list of information and helpful Internet resources on China for students considering study abroad. In creating this site, the Center's goals are to help educate and inform students so that they can enjoy a safe and healthy time in China. Students are encouraged to read through the information on China, and visit other recommended sites provided in each section.  While no study abroad program can offer an absolute guarantee that students will be safe, there are many steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of becoming injured or a victim of crime abroad. We encourage all students, their parents, and study abroad program administrators to use this website and read through the following safety suggestions in order to better prepare themselves in the case of health or safety challenges in China. To address the current worldwide concern for safety, and the need for informed study abroad program participants, the Safety Abroad First-Educational Travel Information (SAFETI) Clearinghouse of the Center for Global Education makes the following safety resource guide available for students studying abroad in China. This document is made possible through support from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE) of the U.S. Department of Education. Why Study in China?
The Silk Route, ancient dynasty temples, Tiananmen Square, traditional theatre, and world-renowned cuisine are just some of the reasons that make China a historically fascinating and socially engaging study abroad destination. China’s 6,000 year-old civilization is one of the oldest in the world. In China, you will have the chance to learn about history first-hand as you explore such famous and breath-taking sites as the Great Wall, the Forbidden Palace, and X’ian’s underground army of terra cotta soldiers. Students of history, architecture, religion, and archeology will find that China possess a wealth of artifacts to study and explore.  As a study abroad student in China, you have the opportunity to admire Chinese traditions in painting, participate in tai chi aerobics, and appreciate the natural beauty of the Yangtze River, rural countryside, and bamboo forests of the panda. Such traditional arts and natural wonders will be of particular interest to study abroad students in the fields of art history, medicine, ecology, zoology, agricultural economics, and botany. While Beijing’s treasures may be centuries-old, and modern conveniences have yet to reach traditional farming villages, Shanghai proves to be a city of skyscrapers and nightlife. Hong Kong also provides a face-paced consumer environment for keeping up with the latest trends. Business students and computer engineers, as well as those interested in the tourism or fashion industries, will gain valuable experience while working in China’s big cities. 
China is a dominant economic and world power. With its influence over the other Pacific Rim economies, China affords study abroad students the opportunity to collaborate to form international business partnerships. China also has a lot to offer those who aren’t interested in the trade of goods and services, but rather in the trade of information and knowledge. English teachers are in high demand in China, and study abroad students have a chance to visit and volunteer in local schools to establish potential teaching contacts for themselves in the future. Whether your desire is to participate in Chinese New Year while feasting on world famous Cantonese cooking, or perform relaxing tai chi in a park in the middle of a city that’s anything but relaxing, or establish business and teaching contacts for future employment, China is waiting for you! Why Learn Chinese?
The benefits of learning Chinese are equal whether a student wishes to learn Mandarin or Cantonese. The difference is that Mandarin is the more formal language of mainland China, whereas Cantonese is the language of areas outside mainland China, such as Hong Kong and Taiwan. As Mandarin and Cantonese are written more or less the same way, if you can read one, then you can most likely read the other.  China is home to 1/5 of the world’s people. Due to China’s enormous population, statistics prove that more people in the world read Chinese than English. As China is a dominant world power, especially in Asia and the Pacific, Chinese is also an official language of the United Nations.  Many students see Chinese as too difficult to study, but they don’t realize that Chinese grammar structure is actually much easier to learn than English grammar. While both Mandarin and Cantonese are considered difficult to learn, if you choose to study a more challenging language, you prove to others that you are dedicated, ambitious, and hard-working. People, especially employers, will be impressed with your desire to learn Chinese as well as the command of Chinese you attain. Students interested in business, economics, commerce, and international trade will greatly benefit from learning Chinese because China is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Due the quantity of untapped markets in China, the business world deems Chinese to be the language of the future. There is currently a real need for Westerns who speak Chinese; not only can they assist numerous U.S. companies already established in China, but they can also assist Chinese tourists, students, and business people who are coming to the United States in increasing numbers. Students interested in business, economics, commerce, and international trade will greatly benefit from learning Chinese because China is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Due the quantity of untapped markets in China, the business world deems Chinese to be the language of the future. There is currently a real need for Westerns who speak Chinese; not only can they assist numerous U.S. companies already established in China, but they can also assist Chinese tourists, students, and business people who are coming to the United States in increasing numbers. Advice for Parents You may want to take a similar role in the selection of your student's study abroad program as you did with your son or daughter's selection of an appropriate U.S. college or university. To begin, we recommend that students read and fill-out this Study Abroad Handbook independently. This can be the first step that helps him/her take charge of his/her own study abroad experience. However, accomplishing the many tasks involved with planning study abroad in China can be overwhelming. Your son or daughter will most likely need your assistance. Using This WebsiteThe content on this website is divided up into four sections: Choosing a Program, Practical Information, Health & Safety and Coming Home. We suggest that you read through the Study Abroad Handbook content, and then make sure your son or daughter has answered the Questions and responded to the items in the Checklist. Many of the items will require feedback from a study abroad program provider, although the Resources section will help you as well. Make sure to have a copy of the Emergency Card that your son or daughter also should carry in his/her wallet.
As a special resource just for parents, we encourage you to read the following article entitled "Advice for Parents: Frequently Asked Questions" by William Hoffa. Finding a Quality Program
In this section, you will get some helpful tools and advice on how to select the best study abroad program for you. You have a variety of programs to choose from in China; they include: language academies, traditional universities, cultural tours and eco-adventures. Prior to participating, students and their parents should take time to look at the different programs available for study abroad. One of the main reasons students cite for not studying abroad is that they start the planning process too late and miss the opportunity. The earlier you start researching programs, the better chance you will have to study abroad, include the coursework in your on-campus degree program, and graduate on time. The simplest way to find an appropriate study abroad program in China is to look at programs available through your home campus; home campus faculty and staff can help you through the process. Some Tools for Finding a Program:
The following is a list of questions to ask when looking for an appropriate study abroad program in China. Along with speaking with program administrators in the United States, we suggest you speak with students who have participated in a study abroad program in China. If possible, speak directly with a program administrator in China to find out the strengths and weaknesses of their program.
In addition to the above, there may be other, personal matters and questions you wish to discuss with program administrators before making any final decisions. Make sure to look through the rest of the Handbook for more health and safety information on studying abroad in China. Selecting the Right Program for You
In this section, you will learn how to go a step beyond finding a quality program. You will begin to research quality programs that reflect your individual needs. You will be better able to find a program that matches academic and personal objectives. The following things are some personal factors that can affect a student’s program decision: Affordability and FinancesCost: Finding a quality program that’s affordable is possible. Depending on you or your family’s financial situation, program cost may or may not be an issue for you. No one wants to compromise quality for cost. However, many students need to find programs that fit their personal budget. Costs for study abroad programs don’t end with a basic fee; rather, additional costs can add up for insurance, housing, meals, excursions, travel, medical needs and purchases. Spending and Saving: Frugal spending is key both before you go, and while you are in China. Make a budget for yourself and stick to it. Before you go, you may want to budget your spending by giving up that morning cup of coffee you buy on your way to work/class. Instead, you could make your own coffee at home, and bring your lunch with you rather than buying it every day. You may have to eat out less and give up going out as frequently. You could take the bus instead of paying to fill up your car, and you might even start clipping coupons. Size Does MatterGroup Size: Some study abroad programs have very high limits for enrollment, while others are very selective about the number of students they allow to participate. You should determine in which situation you might feel more comfortable.  It is important to ask your study abroad program coordinator what the ratio is between staff and students—a small program staff in charge of a large group may not be the best when you are trying to find someone to assist you. Of course, if you plan to do independent study, you may very well be the only U.S. student at the institution you’ve chosen. This would probably give you the highest level of immersion, but you would have added responsibilities that another student studying in a program group may not have. Class Size: Depending on how you learn best as a student, you will want to choose a program with smaller or larger class size. As a student, you may enjoy smaller class sizes because of the personal attention you receive. Also, if you are a beginning-level Chinese learner, you may appreciate the extra help that smaller classes can provide. On the other hand, you may be comfortable and accustomed to larger classes in which you have more independent study time. You may enjoy a larger class setting where you may come in contact with more students. Ask your study abroad program coordinator what the average class size tends to be for the subjects you will take in China. Level of Immersion
Language Instruction: Even if you have minimal or no prior Chinese language experience, you can still find a program to suit your personal needs. Ask if your program offers Chinese for all levels, including beginner level instruction. If not, you may be able to take some classes in English. However, you may prefer to take all of your classes in Chinese —after all, it is the official language of China. The more classes you take in Chinese, the more your Chinese will improve and the more immersed you will feel in Chinese culture and society. Ask if your program provides classes in Chinese, English or both. Your ObjectivesGoals: Everyone chooses to study abroad for different reasons. You may want to learn or improve your Chinese. You may want to conduct independent research. You may want to pursue a degree, or you may just want to travel and get away. Before choosing a program, see if it fits the personal goals and objectives you have. Ask yourself if the program you choose will allow you to accomplish what you have in mind. Who Runs Your Program?
In this section, you will learn how to better understand who runs your program, and whether it is closely connected with your U.S. home university. Before deciding on a study abroad program in China, it’s important to identify what kind of relationship your U.S. college or university has with your study abroad program; essentially, you want to know who is “in charge,” and who will help you if you need assistance. There are five general types of study abroad program sponsors, which can be classified by the kind of relationship your U.S. home institution's staff has with a program's international staff. This can help you determine how much communication goes on between U.S. staff and abroad staff; does each party know what the other party is doing? Five Types of Program Sponsors:
The program sponsors listed above, may provide on-site program administration in China through four types of program providers:
After you understand who runs your study abroad program in China and whether it is closely connected with your U.S. home university, the next step should involve a review of whether the level of support services both in the United States and in China will meet your needs. Remember that there is no national organization that regulates the quality and certifies any minimum standard for study abroad programs. For this reason, it would be wise to take an active role in evaluating a program prior to participating in it. It is important to look at the many types of activities provided by your program. Activities Include:
Financing Study Abroad
In this section, you will learn how to help cover the costs of study abroad in China. With appropriate planning, most students that can afford to study at a U.S. college or university, can afford to study abroad in China. It is important to take into account all program costs to ensure you have sufficient funds for a healthy and safe experience in China. In most cases, a student's financial aid package should cover most, if not all, of the costs of certain study abroad programs. Usually, study abroad programs affiliated with your U.S. home campus are more likely to be covered by financial aid. If you don't have financial aid, there are also many scholarships and fellowships available; you just have to know where to look for them. Grants and loans are yet another way to help cut costs.
Cost of Living Cost of living varies from country to country, with currency fluctuations, and according to your personal budget. You are probably used to a certain standard and cost of living in the United States, and you probably budget your income in order to maintain (or better) the standard and costs to which you have become accustomed. You can calculate the difference in cost of living between the United States and China by using an on-line international cost of living converter. Enter the U.S. city in which you live and your current salary. Then, enter the city in China where you will study. The converter calculates how much you will need to earn in order to live in China as you do in the United States. This rough estimate can provide you with a goal amount of money you will need to raise/save before going abroad: International Cost of Living Salary ConverterIn general, Eastern China is much more expensive than Western China, but food is generally affordable throughout the country. Travelers’ checks are useful because the exchange rate is better than for cash. Credit cards are being accepted more widely now in China, but you still can't count on paying for any type of transportation need with a credit card. Tipping is not expected, but bargaining is. Vendors will tend to offer you a higher tourist price first. Try bargaining in smaller shops, street stalls, and even hotels, but not in larger or chain stores. Exchange Rates
Some students create an entire, detailed budget and financial plan for their time in China only to discover that exchange rates fluctuate and economies can be unstable. When exchange rates were good, you could afford to study in China; now that exchange rates are not as good, you may not be able to afford it. The value of the Chinese Yuan against the U.S. Dollar goes up or down significantly and can greatly affect a student’s personal budget/financial plan. A solid budget/financial plan worked out months before leaving for China just may not work at the time of departure. From the time you first created your budget/financial plan for China, exchange rates changed and now your planning has been thrown off. To avoid this, consider making your personal budget/financial plan flexible. Include a high and low total spending amount to account for any possible fluctuations in currency value. Also, frequently check exchange rates to keep a better eye on the Chinese and U.S. economies and better predict any drastic fluctuations. Please see "Exchange Rates" in the Resources section of this handbook for links to currency converters. LifestyleFor some students studying in China, having enough money is not a worry; they do not need to alter their lifestyle to fit a budget. For others, studying in China may involve more financial planning and changes in lifestyle. If you don't already budget your money at home in the United States, you might want to start doing so when you go to China. Budgeting your money doesn't have to be boring or difficult. You can think of easy ways to help yourself remember how much you are spending. Often, foreign currency can seem like “fake” money. It can be difficult to know how much you're spending. This is especially true if you get in the habit of using your credit card for most purchases. A helpful way to convert foreign currency into U.S. dollars is to carry a small pocket calculator with you. You could also learn a few monetary equivalents and tell yourself: "For every Yuan I spend, I'm really spending so many dollars." Another way to keep track of your spending is to give your purchases a work value. For instance, you could say to yourself: "I will have to work so many hours in order to make enough money to be able to buy this shirt." This way, you begin to see your purchases not only in terms of money, but in terms of the time it will take you at work to earn the money to buy them. Below is a sample budget ledger you can print out, fill in, and take with you to help you better keep track of your spending in China.  Application Process
In general, expect to be asked to provide the following types of information about yourself on your study abroad program application form(s): your academic performance (Grade Point Average, scholarships, etc…), your selling points/talents (what you think about yourself), letters of recommendation (what others think about you), your hobbies and interests, your knowledge of current events in China, your resume and official college transcript to date, etc... The Personal Statement/Essay
If your Personal Statement/Essay is like a written handshake, then your Interview is your actual—in person—handshake. The Interview process lets a program selection committee match your face with your name. It allows them to see you on a more personal and human level, rather than just on paper. Since first impressions can leave lasting impressions, it is important to present yourself as best as possible. Pre-Departure Planning
In this section, you will find useful information on how to select a travel provider, decide which guidebook is right for you, learn how to tune-in your favorite Chinese radio station, and find out what documents are necessary for study abroad in China. Before you buy anything, research your choices, select a travel provider, and find out what documents are necessary for study abroad in China. 
Where to Buy
Student travel agencies may be the most discount-orientated. Travel agents are a traditional option, but several student-oriented travel agencies can offer discount fairs. Other young adults, who have recently studied abroad themselves, often staff these student agencies. Therefore, they can be more knowledgeable about travel abroad. Many student agencies offer exclusive student or youth travel discounts. Some discounts may be valid for a full year, an extended time limit that most regular travel agencies do not offer. Travel agencies are usually the least discount-oriented. Checking with several of them may help you to establish a base price, or sometimes you may even get a reasonable fare. If you are extremely flexible, many airlines offer last minute airfare deals that can even be cheaper than student tickets. Buying online is yet another option. Most sites post new discount offers three times a day. Some also offer the possibility of bidding for tickets at your own specified price. If your bid is accepted, you could end up flying for a very low price. However, be wary of restrictions on bidding (like not being able to back out of the deal once your bid has been accepted, and not being given a choice of airlines or flight times). When you have decided where to purchase your airplane ticket, many travel experts recommend paying with a credit card. Several credit card companies offer insurance on purchases; should your tickets be lost or stolen, or you flight cancelled, you needn't lose all your money. Check with your credit card company to determine what conditions of protection apply. If you wish to travel to Tibet, you must request permission from the tourist administration of the Tibetan Autonomous Region. This can be arranged through almost any Chinese travel agency. Travel DocumentsProper documentation and identification is required for entry to China and for re-entry into the United States. China has its own special requirements for entry based on your citizenship, purpose of visit and length of stay. Find out which requirements pertain to your situation, and plan in advance; obtaining documents from embassies or consulates can take from one hour up to three months. Getting a new passport may take up to six weeks.
Some other ways to help establish proof of birthplace, residence, etc. include:
How Foreign Laws Apply to You
In this section, you will find information on what you should know about China's legal system, and the legal system of the countries to which you will be traveling. If you are a U.S. citizen, the U.S. Embassy or Consulate in China is limited in what it can do to assist you if you should get into legal trouble abroad. As a foreigner in a foreign land, you are obligated to act in accordance with foreign law. Not knowing local laws can get you into serious trouble. Just because something is legal in the United States doesn't mean it is legal in China. Most students who study abroad do not break the law on purpose; instead, they end up doing something illegal without knowing it. Even as a foreigner, you must obey all Chinese laws and the laws of other countries to which you are traveling. 
If you break local laws while in China, the U.S. government can do very little to help you. You are granted no special privileges or rights, and will be dealt with according to standard procedure of the legal system of China. The U.S. and Chinese governments encourage all visitors to China to become familiar with local laws before they visit. Upon arrival in China, you may also wish to ask a Chinese official about local laws and procedures. Remember, most students who study abroad wind up breaking the law unintentionally, and alcohol and drug use have been associated with law-breaking in many cases. For more complete information on Chinese laws and the Chinese legal system, visit the official website of the U.S. Department of State.
Methods of Communication While Abroad
In this section, you will learn how to communicate better with a program's administration, family and friends while you are in China. When looking at a study abroad program in China, see if it has a 24-hour communication contact person both in China and in the United States. With the advent of the "information age," there now exists more than just one way to communicate internationally. The U.S. Department of State offers the following additional information on Communication in China. For more complete information, please visit the Department of State.
Housing  Your place of residence in China will become the main site of most of your cultural interaction. Where you choose to live in China can determine to what level you will immerse yourself in Chinese culture. The majority of your language practice and communication will not take place in the classroom, or even during your travels. Rather, most of it will happen at home in your residence. At your place of residence, you will experience the most intense and personal form of culture-sharing, as the locals you will live with become your family, friends and roommates. Just as it took getting used to living with your dorm or apartment roommate(s) in the United States, it will take just as much effort to adjust to your living situation in China. Your place of residence in China comes with challenges, perhaps even more challenges than you had to deal with when you lived with roommates at your U.S. home campus. You will face language and culture differences which can affect everything from when a person eats a meal, to what he or she eats, personal hygiene issues, study habits, likes and dislikes, etc… However, keep in mind that your own habits and views will also seem different to the person(s) you are living with in China. Conflict ResolutionWhen thinking about housing in China, the most important thing to remember is patience. Try to be patient with yourself as you try to adjust to living with others in China. Also, try to be patient with those you live with, as they will be learning to adjust to you as well. In the chance that things just don’t work out for you, or you just are not compatible with your roommates or host family, make sure your program offers you the right to change your place of residence. Ask your program’s administrators about your rights in regards to switching places of residence, and whether or not an administrator can help you find alternate housing should you need it. Your program administrators can act as conflict mediators to help you and your roommates or host family resolve any issues troubling you. If at any time you find your housing unsafe, be clear with program administrators and explain to them why it is unsafe and that you need to change housing as soon as possible. Types of HousingThere are three main types of housing options in China. However, not all programs will offer all three housing options. In many cases, you may only be offered one type of housing option. Also, your program may not provide housing at all, or may not be able to guarantee housing for you. A Word of Warning: Natural gas in China is not scented to warn you of leaks, so carbon monoxide poisoning, especially from gas heaters, has been known to be deadly. Take your own carbon monoxide detector along with you, and ensure living spaces are properly ventilated.    Packing
A little bit of research will go a long way. If you find out what the weather will be like where you will be studying in China, you can plan ahead and save yourself the hassle and expense of possibly having to buy a whole new wardrobe in China. On-line research is one of the easiest ways to discover what the weather is like in China. (Please see "Weather" in the Resources section of this Handbook for some helpful links.) Ask yourself: How will climate and weather affect my travel plans and activities? Will I need to bring an umbrella, swimsuit, or both? Students who have studied abroad suggest packing certain items in a carry-on, and putting other items in checked baggage. Below are a few recommendations of what to pack where, what to leave behind, and what to buy when you get there: Carry-on LuggageA note about carry-on items: Most commercial airlines now have new regulations regarding what you can and cannot pack in your carry-on luggage. Sharp items like razors, knives, and nail files are banned in carry-on luggage on most flights. For more information, please see the Duties, Customs, and Airport Security section of this Handbook. In general, there are some very important items you will NOT want to pack in your checked baggage; rather, you will want to have them handy at all times and packed in your carry-on bag. These items are:
You may also want to have a few personal items in your carry-on in order to make your trip more comfortable and enjoyable. Consider including items like a water bottle, a book, a toothbrush/toothpaste and a change of clothes and underwear in case of flight delay/cancellation. Checked BaggageLess is more. Although just about everyone will caution you to pack light, packing can be a very personal process. Packing can be especially challenging if you plan to stay abroad for a relatively long time. You want to have as many comforts in China as you have at home, yet you know you can't bring everything with you. Also, part of the reason you are going abroad is to get out of your comfort zone and away from home; therefore, you will have to prepare to make do with fewer things.  Not only does your airline have a baggage limit, but also you will have a space limit at your residence in China. When you travel, you probably won't want to lug around, or pay to store, all the stuff you've brought with you. You are most likely going to acquire things in China, including souvenirs, clothes, gifts, etc… You will need some extra packing space in order to fit in these newly acquired items. Don't be a packing procrastinator. Packing for a semester abroad in China a couple hours before your flight just isn't a smart idea. Packing takes planning, and you will most likely pack and re-pack a number of times before you're satisfied (and before you can cram everything into your bags so they shut properly!) Other Things to BringIn addition to the regular necessities like underwear, clothes and shoes, you may also need a few other things. The following is a list of items you may not have thought you needed or wanted to take with you. See if you forgot to pack any of the following:
Not having to worry about certain items spilling or breaking, and not packing certain items saves space. You could buy many inexpensive items when you arrive in China rather than pack them. Consider buying items like shampoo, soap, sheets, towels, an umbrella and film in China.  Ship Over or Ship Back
When and how you might decide to ship:
When to consider other options besides shipping:
 There are people in need everywhere in the world. Donation is an excellent way to get rid of items you don't need anymore and ones that won't fit in your suitcase, reduce the costs of having to ship items homes, or having to pay for excess baggage. Just because you can't fit something in your suitcase, or don't want something anymore, doesn't mean that it can't be of use to someone else. Donation is a great alternative becoming more and more popular with students who study abroad because students know they can do a good deed, support a good cause, or help someone in need. It's easy to find out where to donate your items in China; ask your program administrator, residence hall/dorm advisor, the local hospital staff or a local resident of the community. You may not even have to bring the items to a donation site. Your program administrator or residence hall/dorm advisor might be willing to take care of it for you. Ask them to organize a donation day so that the other students in your program can participate also. Everyone else in your program will probably have something they want to give away as well. In addition to donating to the poor in China, you may be able to give some of the items you don't need anymore to your fellow students who will remain in China. Possible donation items include books and school supplies, clothes and shoes, sheets, blankets, towels, umbrellas, kitchenware, and food. Expectations
Living abroad in China will be different, and it’s crucial for you to start expecting that China will be different. Simply anticipating some of the differences ahead of time can help better prepare you for life abroad in China. The single most import thing to remember is to be flexible. You will no doubt have to adapt to new things you encounter in China. You should learn to expect the unexpected. Accept the fact that everything in China will not be same as it here in the United States. The following are some very general and basic things to which you are probably accustomed in the United States, but that may be very different in China:
Medical Care and Insurance
In this section, you will find information on how to obtain medical assistance while in China. As insurance is critical to obtaining medical assistance while in China, we will then review different types of insurance that are available. For international study and travel, there are various types of insurance that you should consider purchasing prior to leaving the United States. These include major medical, emergency evacuation, repatriation of remains, 24-hour emergency help line, legal assistance, baggage, accidental death and dismemberment/life, motor vehicle, and kidnapping and terrorism insurance. Medical Care
Basic Health and Safety
In this section, you will find information on how to stay well while in China. The process of wellness starts before you go to China with a visit to your doctor. You may need to get inoculations to protect yourself from infectious diseases endemic in China and the countries you will visit. You will also learn some tips to ensure you drink clean water and eat uncontaminated food.
Risk Factors and Strategies to Reduce Risk
In this section, you will find information on how to avoid being a target of crime while abroad in China. There are helpful tips on how non-verbal communication-like gestures or manner of dress-can help keep you safer. You will also learn how to become more aware of your surroundings. Based on anecdotal information, most of the incidents resulting in injury or death of students while participating in study abroad involve: 
Resources and information about each of these issues can be found below. You can find additional information in the Basic Health and Safety section of this Handbook.
Special Issues
Unwanted attention can range from a mild nuisance to a serious threat of danger. Acceptable treatment of women in China may be very different from the kind of treatment acceptable in the United States. Also, the way women interact with men in the United States may not be as socially acceptable in other countries. What's considered "being friendly" in the United States can be considered flirting or a sexual invitation in other countries. Even reacting (positively or negatively) to un-wanted attention can serve to egg-on the other person. In television and movies, the media tends to portray U.S. women as promiscuous. Simply smiling or saying hello to the opposite sex in China may be all that is needed to confirm this unflattering stereotype in their minds. To avoid trouble and unwanted attention, ask local women you meet and your program's administrators about what is considered "appropriate" behavior and dress for women. Dressing conservatively and traveling in groups are always safe bets. Although it is important to learn to adapt to a foreign culture, that doesn't mean you should have to compromise your own sense of security and dignity. If you feel you can't adapt to China’s sexual culture, you may have to be more selective about the location of your program. Minorities (Ethnic and Religious)You may not be considered an ethnic or religious minority in the United States, but by going to China you become, in a sense, a minority. There probably aren’t a lot of U.S. students studying in the area you will be, so, in that sense, you are a novelty—someone new and different who stands out from the locals. In some cases, your outward appearance can also make you stand out, especially if the country’s population is very homogeneous. Sometimes the locals’ curiosity, interest, ignorance or misunderstanding of you can be unpleasant. 
Political turmoil or lack of tolerance can make some ethnic and religious groups a target for mistreatment or even violence in China. Political rallies are fairly prevalent in China, and are often tied in with religion, so try to avoid these types of gatherings whenever possible as it is difficult to predict the collective mood in a mob setting. As an outsider you could be singled out, especially if you are at a political meeting or rally, or if you engage in political discussion with the locals. Particularly with regard to religion, the risk you assume depends on your level of religious involvement abroad. In a country where others have been attacked for practicing the religion you practice, any signs of your religious affiliation may put you at risk as well. Ethnic or religious issues shouldn’t be a negative factor of your study abroad experience in China; that’s why it’s important to do a little research ahead of time to survey the national sentiment and current events of China. For more information on the current events going on in China, please see “Media” in the Resources section of this Handbook. Also, ask your program administrators if you should be aware of anything in particular related to ethnic or religious conflict in China. Non-heterosexuals
The foreign policy of the United States does not always sit well with citizens of foreign countries. In some cases, Americans living abroad can be targets of the frustrations of these individuals. Consider the nature of the political climate and relations between the United States and China, as well as the other countries you plan to visit. Crisis Management
In this section, you will find information on how to better cope during a crisis. Being able to deal well with a crisis situation includes understanding your emotions, keeping yourself as safe as possible, and communicating with your emergency contacts by creating and using your personal Emergency Action Plan (EAP). Please refer to the Emergency Card, and EAP Steps provided for more resources on crisis management and emergency planning. Most students returning from study abroad say that it was one of the most valuable parts of their college or university experience. However, similar to the realities on a U.S. campus, there may be a few students who encounter a minor or major emergency while abroad in China. Many study abroad programs have developed comprehensive support strategies. The first place to start getting information about your program's support strategies is in your study abroad advisor's office in the United States and your program director's office in China. We have also provided the following resources: Emergency Card, Personal Emergency Action Plan Information, and Emergency Action Plan Steps, to assist you in being prepared before going and after arriving in China. Minor and Major Emergencies
In addition to minor emergencies, some students may also face larger emergencies while in China. Frequently, these major emergencies tend to be events out of a student's control. Some unpredictable, major emergencies that could occur abroad include: natural disasters like earthquakes and hurricanes, acts of terrorism, and serious medical problems. Things To Do Before a Crisis Occurs
1.) Why Create an EAP? 
The more support networks you have during an emergency or crisis, the more likely someone will be available to help you. Also, the better prepared you are ahead of time, the better chance you have of responding effectively to a crisis in China. Therefore, it is important to set-up support networks, and an EAP, before an emergency occurs-before you actually need assistance. Creating an EAP is a good first step towards keeping yourself healthy and safe in the event of an emergency or crisis while in China. 2.) Who Needs a Copy of Your EAP? We remind you to give copies of your EAP to your contacts in China, and leave copies with appropriate contacts at home, which may include several family members and friends. Make sure to always keep a copy on hand for yourself as well. You should consider giving your EAP to the following contacts: In the United States: In China: 3.) How to Create an EAP 
The following list gives some tips on how to maintain your physical safety and mental health during a crisis: For more information on the Phases of Crisis, please see the SAFETI Adaptation of Peace Corps Resources on Crisis Management. Adjustments and Culture Shock
In this section, you will learn what culture shock means and how you can overcome its effects. Experiencing new cultures, and obtaining a better understanding of your own culture, can result in some of the most positive, life-altering experiences students have while studying abroad. When going abroad to China, students will experience differences in manners, beliefs, customs, laws, language, art, religion, values, concept of self, family organization, social organization, government, behavior, etc. All of these elements combine to form China's rich and unique culture. 
While the introduction to new and foreign cultures greatly benefits students, it can also be overwhelming. The new cultural elements a student encounters in China may be so different that they seem "shocking" in comparison to cultural norms they are used to at home. As Bruce La Brack writes in his article "The Missing Linkage: The Process of Integrating Orientation and Reentry": "Just as you can't really describe the taste of a hot fudge sundae to someone who has never experienced one, it is difficult to actually convey just how disorienting entering another culture can be to a student without any cross-cultural experience." Rhinesmith's Ten Stages of Adjustment
Source: Returning Home, Canadian Bureau for International Education, 1984, p. 7. Culture shock and its effects can occur in a number of stages. However, culture shock is not an exact step-by-step process; every student doesn't experience culture shock the same way or at the same time. The following 10 steps of cultural adjustment outlined by Steven Rhinesmith show how culture shock can be like a roller coaster ride of emotions:
Riding the roller coaster of culture shock, a student actually follows a natural pattern of hitting peaks and valleys. The high points of excitement and interest are succeeded by lower points of depression, disorientation, or frustration. Each student will experience these ups and downs in different degrees of intensity and for different lengths of time. The process is necessary in order to make the transition from one culture to another; it helps a student or traveler to balance out and adjust. Stages 1 through 5: Exposure to a new culture Prior to going abroad, students may be excited about new adventures to come. A student arrives in China and perhaps begins to develop increasing independence as he/she starts to experience Chinese culture or another country's culture. At first, a student's expectations may be too high. He or she may see things almost as a tourist would during the first few weeks in China. A student may be heavily comparing and contrasting his/her home culture with the culture abroad. It is common for students to focus on what they see as weaknesses in foreign cultures. Students tend to point out what a foreign culture lacks; this often leads to feelings of frustration over what is "missing" or what can't be obtained in China in the same ways it can be at home. Students may be challenged on a regular basis by different ways of living in China (banking, eating, relationships, etc.). Negative feelings and frustrations may reach a level where you begin to recognize you are going through "culture shock". Stage 6: Acceptance of a new culture As a student gets used to Chinese ways, things that seemed like a "crisis" may now simply be seen as different ways of doing things. Most students gradually adjust their lifestyles to be balanced with a country's own cultural norms. The cultural traits that once annoyed or bothered a student generally come to be accepted as normal. Students usually begin to understand and appreciate the cultural differences between the United States and China. However, if significant problems arise, a student may briefly return to the "frustration" stage of culture shock. As a student begins to adapt more and more, he/she may have a new set of friends, may be traveling more, and may even be dreaming in another language. The "Chinese way" may now become the "normal" way of living. Stages 7 through 10: Leaving a new culture behind As a student becomes integrated to the ways of China's culture, the more difficult it may be to re-adapt to the United States upon return home. The United States just won't look the same way it did before leaving to study abroad in China; a student may see home with new eyes and may also be more critical of U.S. cultural traditions once thought to be "normal". This is called reverse culture shock. Fear of experiencing reverse culture shock should not deter students from trying to integrate as fully as possible while in China. No matter how integrated a student becomes while abroad, he or she will probably still be "shocked" by differences noted at home after so much time spent in China and the other countries to which you will be traveling. However, over time, a student will learn to re-adapt and reintegrate into his or her home culture. HomesicknessHomesickness is one of the most common adjustment problems related to culture shock and loneliness. Experienced by students from every country, homesickness is a universal side-affect to being away from home. Feelings of homesickness may even start before you leave to study abroad in China. You may find yourself mildly depressed or anxious several weeks before leaving. The anticipation and preparation for this major change of lifestyle can trigger pre-departure homesickness, or sudden feelings that you don’t want to leave, or even a want to back out of your decision to study abroad. Some students might experience homesickness within the first few days or weeks of being abroad, while others might not be hit by homesickness until later on, or closer to the holidays. Holidays, birthdays, anniversaries, family events or even family illness or death can all cause you to feel homesick, or make you wish you were at home. Also, many students report increased feelings of homesickness during the winter months when darkness, rainy weather and the cold can lead to feelings of depression. The following are a few tips to help you cope with feelings of homesickness:
Stress has many definitions. Stress affects everyone differently. The additional/new kinds of stress you may encounter in China may lead to anxiety/panic disorders, depression, paranoia, eating disorders, and other phobias. Any mental health challenges you have prior to going abroad may become more severe once you experience the effects of culture shock. Even mental fatigue from constant language immersion and time change may cause the symptoms of culture shock to seem overwhelming. Worldwide ConcernThe symptoms of cultural adjustment a student experiences may be more intense due to the events of September 11th and other worldwide threats. Students, parents and administrators may have additional anxiety; they may also take studying abroad and safety abroad more seriously than they did prior to September 11th. Any added feelings of panic or fear related to the international war against terrorism can directly affect how well a student deals with culture shock. If you feel worldwide concerns are adding to your culture shock, seek out family, friends, or program staff/counselors with whom you feel comfortable discussing your concerns. Airport Safety, Duties and Customs
In this section, you will find information on how to check for new updates and stricter requirements now enforced by airports and airlines. There are some basic restrictions regarding what you can and cannot bring back from China into the United States. You will also learn how to keep a better watch on your luggage so that no one else can tamper with it. No matter the country from which you are departing or entering, it is important to understand airport and airline safety and security, remembering to cooperate with airport, airline and customs officials. 
Airport Safety and Security
Customs control regulations may affect what you can and cannot bring in and out of China. Following the events of September 1, 2001, US airport and customs security has become much stricter, leading to long waits prior to boarding your plane, body searches, a necessary early arrival time and questions from officials in both countries. Remember to be patient and be honest when answering all officials' questions. The following information from the U.S. Department of State discusses border issues in more depth. For more complete information on border and Environmental Affairs between the United States and China, please visit the U.S. Customs and Border Protections Agency.
Reverse Culture Shock
In this section, you will learn how to cope with reverse culture shock you may experience upon return to the United States. One of the biggest challenges for students who participate in study abroad can be the difficulty in re-adapting to the realities in the United States (otherwise known as "re-entry"). Many students who studied abroad in China went through many changes, re-examining their priorities, their values, and what they think of themselves and the United States. The "reverse culture shock" may be more difficult than the "culture shock" you felt when in China. (See "culture shock" for more information about the challenges of adapting to a new culture.) If return culture shock is severe, it is important that students are able to seek help/counseling to help them through this. Just as culture shock can differ greatly from person to person, reverse culture shock is just as personal of an experience. Upon return to the United States, you may find many things are different from how you left them. You may be more critical of the United States, while you now view China in a more favorable light. From language adjustments to depression to a simple trip to the supermarket, reverse culture shock can hit you in more ways than you would expect. Defining Reverse Culture Shock
So what is reverse culture shock? First, let's examine the process of re-entry. There are usually two elements that characterize a study abroad student's re-entry:
Often students expect to be able to pick up exactly where they left off. A problem arises when reality doesn't meet these expectations. Home may fall short of what you had envisioned, and things may have changed at home: your friends and family have their own lives, and things have happened since you've been gone. This is part of why home may feel so foreign. Feelings You May ExperienceThe inconsistency between expectations and reality, plus the lack of interest on the part of family and friends (nobody seems to really care about all of your "when I was abroad in China" stories) may result in: frustration, feelings of alienation, and mutual misunderstandings between study abroad students and their friends and family. Of course, the difficulty of readjustment will vary for different individuals, but, in general, the better integrated you have become to the Chinese culture and lifestyle, the harder it is to readjust during re-entry. This is where reverse culture shock (sometimes called re-entry shock) comes in to play. Stages of Reverse Culture ShockReverse culture shock is usually described in four stages:
Stage 1 begins before you leave China. You begin thinking about re-entry and making your preparations for your return home. You also begin to realize that it's time to say good-bye to your friends in China and to the place you've come to call home. The hustle and bustle of finals, good-bye parties, and packing can intensify your feelings of sadness and frustration. You already miss the friends you've made, and you are reluctant to leave. Or, you may make your last few days fly by so fast that you don't have time to reflect on your emotions and experiences. Stage 2 usually begins shortly before departure, and it is characterized by feelings of excitement and anticipation - even euphoria - about returning home. 
This is often one of the transitions to Stage 3. You may experience feelings of frustration, anger, alienation, loneliness, disorientation, and helplessness and not understand exactly why. You might quickly become irritated or critical of others and of U.S. culture. Depression, feeling like a stranger at home, and the longing to go back abroad are also not uncommon reactions. You may also feel less independent than you were in China. Most people are then able to move onto Stage 4, which is a gradual readjustment to life at home. Things will start to seem a little more normal again, and you will probably fall back into some old routines, but things won't be exactly the same as how you left them. You have most likely developed new attitudes, beliefs, habits, as well as personal and professional goals, and you will see things differently now. The important thing is to try to incorporate the positive aspects of your international experience in China with the positive aspects of your life at home in the United States. Risk Factors and Strategies to Reduce Risk
In this section, you will find information on how to avoid being a target of crime while abroad in China. There are helpful tips on how non-verbal communication-like gestures or manner of dress-can help keep you safer. You will also learn how to become more aware of your surroundings. Based on anecdotal information, most of the incidents resulting in injury or death of students while participating in study abroad involve:
Resources and information about each of these issues can be found below. You can find additional information in the Basic Health and Safety section of this Handbook.
Special Issues
Unwanted attention can range from a mild nuisance to a serious threat of danger. Acceptable treatment of women in China may be very different from the kind of treatment acceptable in the United States. Also, the way women interact with men in the United States may not be as socially acceptable in other countries. What's considered "being friendly" in the United States can be considered flirting or a sexual invitation in other countries. Even reacting (positively or negatively) to un-wanted attention can serve to egg-on the other person. In television and movies, the media tends to portray U.S. women as promiscuous. Simply smiling or saying hello to the opposite sex in China may be all that is needed to confirm this unflattering stereotype in their minds. To avoid trouble and unwanted attention, ask local women you meet and your program's administrators about what is considered "appropriate" behavior and dress for women. Dressing conservatively and traveling in groups are always safe bets. Although it is important to learn to adapt to a foreign culture, that doesn't mean you should have to compromise your own sense of security and dignity. If you feel you can't adapt to China’s sexual culture, you may have to be more selective about the location of your program. Minorities (Ethnic and Religious)You may not be considered an ethnic or religious minority in the United States, but by going to China you become, in a sense, a minority. There probably aren’t a lot of U.S. students studying in the area you will be, so, in that sense, you are a novelty—someone new and different who stands out from the locals. In some cases, your outward appearance can also make you stand out, especially if the country’s population is very homogeneous. Sometimes the locals’ curiosity, interest, ignorance or misunderstanding of you can be unpleasant.
Political turmoil or lack of tolerance can make some ethnic and religious groups a target for mistreatment or even violence in China. Political rallies are fairly prevalent in China, and are often tied in with religion, so try to avoid these types of gatherings whenever possible as it is difficult to predict the collective mood in a mob setting. As an outsider you could be singled out, especially if you are at a political meeting or rally, or if you engage in political discussion with the locals. Particularly with regard to religion, the risk you assume depends on your level of religious involvement abroad. In a country where others have been attacked for practicing the religion you practice, any signs of your religious affiliation may put you at risk as well. Ethnic or religious issues shouldn’t be a negative factor of your study abroad experience in China; that’s why it’s important to do a little research ahead of time to survey the national sentiment and current events of China. For more information on the current events going on in China, please see “Media” in the Resources section of this Handbook. Also, ask your program administrators if you should be aware of anything in particular related to ethnic or religious conflict in China. Non-heterosexuals
The foreign policy of the United States does not always sit well with citizens of foreign countries. In some cases, Americans living abroad can be targets of the frustrations of these individuals. Consider the nature of the political climate and relations between the United States and China, as well as the other countries you plan to visit. Crisis Management
In this section, you will find information on how to better cope during a crisis. Being able to deal well with a crisis situation includes understanding your emotions, keeping yourself as safe as possible, and communicating with your emergency contacts by creating and using your personal Emergency Action Plan (EAP). Please refer to the Emergency Card, and EAP Steps provided for more resources on crisis management and emergency planning. Most students returning from study abroad say that it was one of the most valuable parts of their college or university experience. However, similar to the realities on a U.S. campus, there may be a few students who encounter a minor or major emergency while abroad in China. Many study abroad programs have developed comprehensive support strategies. The first place to start getting information about your program's support strategies is in your study abroad advisor's office in the United States and your program director's office in China. We have also provided the following resources: Emergency Card, Personal Emergency Action Plan Information, and Emergency Action Plan Steps, to assist you in being prepared before going and after arriving in China. Minor and Major Emergencies
In addition to minor emergencies, some students may also face larger emergencies while in China. Frequently, these major emergencies tend to be events out of a student's control. Some unpredictable, major emergencies that could occur abroad include: natural disasters like earthquakes and hurricanes, acts of terrorism, and serious medical problems. Things To Do Before a Crisis Occurs
1.) Why Create an EAP?
The more support networks you have during an emergency or crisis, the more likely someone will be available to help you. Also, the better prepared you are ahead of time, the better chance you have of responding effectively to a crisis in China. Therefore, it is important to set-up support networks, and an EAP, before an emergency occurs-before you actually need assistance. Creating an EAP is a good first step towards keeping yourself healthy and safe in the event of an emergency or crisis while in China. 2.) Who Needs a Copy of Your EAP? We remind you to give copies of your EAP to your contacts in China, and leave copies with appropriate contacts at home, which may include several family members and friends. Make sure to always keep a copy on hand for yourself as well. You should consider giving your EAP to the following contacts: In the United States: In China: 3.) How to Create an EAP
The following list gives some tips on how to maintain your physical safety and mental health during a crisis: For more information on the Phases of Crisis, please see the SAFETI Adaptation of Peace Corps Resources on Crisis Management. Adjustments and Culture Shock
In this section, you will learn what culture shock means and how you can overcome its effects. Experiencing new cultures, and obtaining a better understanding of your own culture, can result in some of the most positive, life-altering experiences students have while studying abroad. When going abroad to China, students will experience differences in manners, beliefs, customs, laws, language, art, religion, values, concept of self, family organization, social organization, government, behavior, etc. All of these elements combine to form China's rich and unique culture.
While the introduction to new and foreign cultures greatly benefits students, it can also be overwhelming. The new cultural elements a student encounters in China may be so different that they seem "shocking" in comparison to cultural norms they are used to at home. As Bruce La Brack writes in his article "The Missing Linkage: The Process of Integrating Orientation and Reentry": "Just as you can't really describe the taste of a hot fudge sundae to someone who has never experienced one, it is difficult to actually convey just how disorienting entering another culture can be to a student without any cross-cultural experience." Rhinesmith's Ten Stages of Adjustment
Source: Returning Home, Canadian Bureau for International Education, 1984, p. 7. Culture shock and its effects can occur in a number of stages. However, culture shock is not an exact step-by-step process; every student doesn't experience culture shock the same way or at the same time. The following 10 steps of cultural adjustment outlined by Steven Rhinesmith show how culture shock can be like a roller coaster ride of emotions:
Riding the roller coaster of culture shock, a student actually follows a natural pattern of hitting peaks and valleys. The high points of excitement and interest are succeeded by lower points of depression, disorientation, or frustration. Each student will experience these ups and downs in different degrees of intensity and for different lengths of time. The process is necessary in order to make the transition from one culture to another; it helps a student or traveler to balance out and adjust. Stages 1 through 5: Exposure to a new culture Prior to going abroad, students may be excited about new adventures to come. A student arrives in China and perhaps begins to develop increasing independence as he/she starts to experience Chinese culture or another country's culture. At first, a student's expectations may be too high. He or she may see things almost as a tourist would during the first few weeks in China. A student may be heavily comparing and contrasting his/her home culture with the culture abroad. It is common for students to focus on what they see as weaknesses in foreign cultures. Students tend to point out what a foreign culture lacks; this often leads to feelings of frustration over what is "missing" or what can't be obtained in China in the same ways it can be at home. Students may be challenged on a regular basis by different ways of living in China (banking, eating, relationships, etc.). Negative feelings and frustrations may reach a level where you begin to recognize you are going through "culture shock". Stage 6: Acceptance of a new culture As a student gets used to Chinese ways, things that seemed like a "crisis" may now simply be seen as different ways of doing things. Most students gradually adjust their lifestyles to be balanced with a country's own cultural norms. The cultural traits that once annoyed or bothered a student generally come to be accepted as normal. Students usually begin to understand and appreciate the cultural differences between the United States and China. However, if significant problems arise, a student may briefly return to the "frustration" stage of culture shock. As a student begins to adapt more and more, he/she may have a new set of friends, may be traveling more, and may even be dreaming in another language. The "Chinese way" may now become the "normal" way of living. Stages 7 through 10: Leaving a new culture behind As a student becomes integrated to the ways of China's culture, the more difficult it may be to re-adapt to the United States upon return home. The United States just won't look the same way it did before leaving to study abroad in China; a student may see home with new eyes and may also be more critical of U.S. cultural traditions once thought to be "normal". This is called reverse culture shock. Fear of experiencing reverse culture shock should not deter students from trying to integrate as fully as possible while in China. No matter how integrated a student becomes while abroad, he or she will probably still be "shocked" by differences noted at home after so much time spent in China and the other countries to which you will be traveling. However, over time, a student will learn to re-adapt and reintegrate into his or her home culture. HomesicknessHomesickness is one of the most common adjustment problems related to culture shock and loneliness. Experienced by students from every country, homesickness is a universal side-affect to being away from home. Feelings of homesickness may even start before you leave to study abroad in China. You may find yourself mildly depressed or anxious several weeks before leaving. The anticipation and preparation for this major change of lifestyle can trigger pre-departure homesickness, or sudden feelings that you don’t want to leave, or even a want to back out of your decision to study abroad. Some students might experience homesickness within the first few days or weeks of being abroad, while others might not be hit by homesickness until later on, or closer to the holidays. Holidays, birthdays, anniversaries, family events or even family illness or death can all cause you to feel homesick, or make you wish you were at home. Also, many students report increased feelings of homesickness during the winter months when darkness, rainy weather and the cold can lead to feelings of depression. The following are a few tips to help you cope with feelings of homesickness:
Stress has many definitions. Stress affects everyone differently. The additional/new kinds of stress you may encounter in China may lead to anxiety/panic disorders, depression, paranoia, eating disorders, and other phobias. Any mental health challenges you have prior to going abroad may become more severe once you experience the effects of culture shock. Even mental fatigue from constant language immersion and time change may cause the symptoms of culture shock to seem overwhelming. Worldwide ConcernThe symptoms of cultural adjustment a student experiences may be more intense due to the events of September 11th and other worldwide threats. Students, parents and administrators may have additional anxiety; they may also take studying abroad and safety abroad more seriously than they did prior to September 11th. Any added feelings of panic or fear related to the international war against terrorism can directly affect how well a student deals with culture shock. If you feel worldwide concerns are adding to your culture shock, seek out family, friends, or program staff/counselors with whom you feel comfortable discussing your concerns. Airport Safety, Duties and Customs
In this section, you will find information on how to check for new updates and stricter requirements now enforced by airports and airlines. There are some basic restrictions regarding what you can and cannot bring back from China into the United States. You will also learn how to keep a better watch on your luggage so that no one else can tamper with it. No matter the country from which you are departing or entering, it is important to understand airport and airline safety and security, remembering to cooperate with airport, airline and customs officials. Airport Safety and Security
Customs control regulations may affect what you can and cannot bring in and out of China. Following the events of September 1, 2001, US airport and customs security has become much stricter, leading to long waits prior to boarding your plane, body searches, a necessary early arrival time and questions from officials in both countries. Remember to be patient and be honest when answering all officials' questions. The following information from the U.S. Department of State discusses border issues in more depth. For more complete information on border and Environmental Affairs between the United States and China, please visit the U.S. Customs and Border Protections Agency.
Reverse Culture Shock
In this section, you will learn how to cope with reverse culture shock you may experience upon return to the United States. One of the biggest challenges for students who participate in study abroad can be the difficulty in re-adapting to the realities in the United States (otherwise known as "re-entry"). Many students who studied abroad in China went through many changes, re-examining their priorities, their values, and what they think of themselves and the United States. The "reverse culture shock" may be more difficult than the "culture shock" you felt when in China. (See "culture shock" for more information about the challenges of adapting to a new culture.) If return culture shock is severe, it is important that students are able to seek help/counseling to help them through this. Just as culture shock can differ greatly from person to person, reverse culture shock is just as personal of an experience. Upon return to the United States, you may find many things are different from how you left them. You may be more critical of the United States, while you now view China in a more favorable light. From language adjustments to depression to a simple trip to the supermarket, reverse culture shock can hit you in more ways than you would expect. Defining Reverse Culture Shock
So what is reverse culture shock? First, let's examine the process of re-entry. There are usually two elements that characterize a study abroad student's re-entry:
Often students expect to be able to pick up exactly where they left off. A problem arises when reality doesn't meet these expectations. Home may fall short of what you had envisioned, and things may have changed at home: your friends and family have their own lives, and things have happened since you've been gone. This is part of why home may feel so foreign. Feelings You May ExperienceThe inconsistency between expectations and reality, plus the lack of interest on the part of family and friends (nobody seems to really care about all of your "when I was abroad in China" stories) may result in: frustration, feelings of alienation, and mutual misunderstandings between study abroad students and their friends and family. Of course, the difficulty of readjustment will vary for different individuals, but, in general, the better integrated you have become to the Chinese culture and lifestyle, the harder it is to readjust during re-entry. This is where reverse culture shock (sometimes called re-entry shock) comes in to play. Stages of Reverse Culture ShockReverse culture shock is usually described in four stages:
Stage 1 begins before you leave China. You begin thinking about re-entry and making your preparations for your return home. You also begin to realize that it's time to say good-bye to your friends in China and to the place you've come to call home. The hustle and bustle of finals, good-bye parties, and packing can intensify your feelings of sadness and frustration. You already miss the friends you've made, and you are reluctant to leave. Or, you may make your last few days fly by so fast that you don't have time to reflect on your emotions and experiences. Stage 2 usually begins shortly before departure, and it is characterized by feelings of excitement and anticipation - even euphoria - about returning home.
This is often one of the transitions to Stage 3. You may experience feelings of frustration, anger, alienation, loneliness, disorientation, and helplessness and not understand exactly why. You might quickly become irritated or critical of others and of U.S. culture. Depression, feeling like a stranger at home, and the longing to go back abroad are also not uncommon reactions. You may also feel less independent than you were in China. Most people are then able to move onto Stage 4, which is a gradual readjustment to life at home. Things will start to seem a little more normal again, and you will probably fall back into some old routines, but things won't be exactly the same as how you left them. You have most likely developed new attitudes, beliefs, habits, as well as personal and professional goals, and you will see things differently now. The important thing is to try to incorporate the positive aspects of your international experience in China with the positive aspects of your life at home in the United States. Making the Study Abroad Experience Count at Home
As you transition back to life in the United States, you may want to continue interacting with the Chinese people, do further study on Chinese issues, work in a bilingual environment, or even study abroad again in China or another country. One advantage of study abroad is that it can offer you a more global perspective and expand your mind. So, don't forget to consider other opportunities outside of China as well. Post-Study Abroad Advisement
After you begin to readjust to being back home, visit your academic advisor. S/he will be able to inform you of whether your study abroad credits from China will transfer properly. Even if you are not planning on using those credits toward your graduation, the records are still important and may be needed if you decide to go on and pursue a higher level of education. You should also check with your academic advisor to make sure that you are registered for all of the courses that you need for the upcoming semester, and that you have filled out any financial aid or tuition forms that you will need for that year. Sometimes studying abroad will affect you to the point where you may decide to pursue another area of study. This meeting with your academic advisor is a good time to discuss any changes that you might want to make to your class selection or even your current major/minor. Your advisor will be able to discuss your options with you and help you decide what the best academic path for you may be. Career Development and Resume
If you are considering a career with a Chinese or international component, or looking for a job abroad, we also recommend that you visit your campus’ career center. A campus career center often provides various services for students seeking employment, and this is generally a good place to start looking for international job opportunities in China and in other countries. When you start looking for a job or career, think of the professional and personal growth you've undergone while in China. If you can present these skills on your resume and in your interview(s) well, you can impress almost any employer. IES, Institute for the International Education of Students, has a useful website that will help you learn to "market" your international experience in China (a link to this site is provided in the Resources section). To sum up IES's resume tips:
Some students choose to continue participation in study abroad, either through the same program or through a new program or location. If you are unable to go abroad for another whole semester, there are a variety of programs offered during the summer that range from 3 days to 3 months. Talk to your academic advisor about what other programs might benefit you. For more help, refer to the “Choosing a Program” section of this Handbook. Also, if you're interested in continuing your study abroad experience, there are many ways to fund research or post-undergraduate studies. For example, the Department of State Fulbright Program, the National Security Education Program (NSEP), Rotary International, the Rhodes Scholarship Program, the Luce Scholarship Program, and the Marshall Scholarship Program are excellent ways to fund your studies abroad. Independent travel is an option for students who feel that they are confident enough to tour on their own. If you decide to travel independently, your student travel office or a travel agent can be helpful. There are numerous travel guidebooks and resources on the Internet. Also, ask friends who have traveled independently to find the best places to go and tips on what to do while you're there. See our Resources section for links to purchasing guidebooks and booking tours. Internships AbroadYou can help you turn your study abroad experience into a useful résumé-builder, and even the start to a future career. Some students have such a positive study abroad experience that they decide that they would enjoy a career that would give them an opportunity to live and work abroad. There are several ways to go about testing out possible careers abroad. One way is to investigate the possibility of doing an internship abroad. This can be an excellent way to not only be able to live abroad again, but also to get experience in a field in which you are interested. Some internships offer a salary; others can count towards college credit. Talk with a career counselor/internship coordinator at your college/university about internship opportunities abroad. Careers AbroadSome students decide to change their field of study to an area such as international relations, which includes a broad background in international policies, politics and history. If changing your major is a little extreme, try taking some international studies classes or focus in on an aspect of your major that could somehow be incorporated into a career abroad. Many international career opportunities lie in the areas of industry, education, government and the non-profit sector. In many cases, you can begin by seeking employment domestically with a company, firm, or group that has international branches. To gain information on career opportunities abroad, talk with a career counselor at your university. Volunteering
Volunteering is another great way to go abroad again. There are opportunities available worldwide. In many cases, only short-term commitments are required. However, there are organizations, such as the Peace Corps, that can allow for years of rewarding work abroad. Volunteering can be a good way to defer college loans for a while. Some volunteer programs even give you a modest monthly stipend. Getting InvolvedSince you will be aware of the challenges that come from living and studying abroad, you will be in a unique position to understand the needs of other international students who come to your college/university to study abroad in the United States. Getting involved with international students or organizations can be a great and rewarding way to remain involved in the international community and international affairs. Here are some suggested ways you can continue your international experience at home:
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After your son or daughter has thoroughly reviewed the Handbook independently, and done some research, we encourage you to follow-up with his/her findings. At this time, we ideally hope that you would sit down with your son or daughter and go through the Handbook with him/her. You may be able to help him/her answer any questions he/she was not able to answer on his/her own.
We understand that your child’s health and safety is important to you. We also know that your concerns for your child’s health and safety increase with distance; the further away your child travels from home, the more important it is for him/her to have support services. In this time of an increased national focus on safety and security, you may feel strongly concerned about your child’s wishes to study and travel abroad in China. We hope that by reading this Handbook your concerns will be addressed. You will be able to better assist your son or daughter with choosing a quality program, and with being prepared for health and safety challenges abroad in China. Study abroad could possibly be one of the best, most positive and rewarding experiences for your child.
Reference Books: The following are comprehensive reference books which are updated each year: 
Class Dynamics: Ask yourself whether or not you prefer sitting next to a Chinese student or another U.S. student in your classes. The answer to this question will help you determine whether or not you would like to be in classes with only other U.S. students, a mix of Chinese and U.S. students, or a class where the majority of the students are Chinese. Most programs offer courses where a student can be fully immersed in the Chinese education system by attending class with regular students at a university/institution. Other programs separate students by designing special courses for program participants. Inquire as to which classes you are able to take as part of your program. Also ask whether or not your teachers will be from the United States or China, if this matters to you.
Participation in a study abroad program very likely will involve contracts. You, and maybe your parents, will have to read through and sign a number of important documents. Some of these documents might limit a program's responsibility or liability in the case you are injured in China, other contracts might hold you responsible for certain behavior, still other contracts may require you to release personal information. Read everything before you sign. If you have to, re-read everything, have your parents read everything, or have your lawyer read everything before you sign anything. Don't let anyone pressure you into signing an agreement that confuses you, or one you don't understand. Ask study abroad administrators to explain exactly what they are having you sign, what it means, and what happens if you don't want to sign. Know your rights and take time to think about any possible consequences of signing or not signing. Among other things, think about the following when deciding to sign or not sign a contract:
Loans and Financial Aid: If you receive financial aid, study abroad in China may be partially or fully covered by the terms of your financial aid package. If the study abroad program you have chosen is directly associated with your U.S. home campus, you may have a better chance of having your financial aid money cover your program costs in China. However, you can't assume that financial aid will apply; even if it does, there may be limits as to what it covers. Inquire about the terms of your financial aid package at your college or university's financial aid office. You may also be eligible for a student loan, or an additional loan, if you receive federal work-study as part of your financial aid packet. Before asking for a bank loan, ask a financial aid adviser on your campus.
Your Personal Statement/Essay is like a written handshake; it’s the first impression you give to administrators. Your personal statement is your opportunity to emphasize your best qualities and to show off your writing and communication skills. Also, if your transcript isn’t the greatest, you can use your personal statement to explain why, or to go into detail about your other talents away from school. While your GPA does factor into the equation, other extracurricular activities count as well, so be sure to list them. Even if there is a minimum GPA requirement that you don’t meet, you may still be able to participate in a program if you write a strong Personal Statement/Essay and have good letters of recommendation. You will probably write and re-write more than one draft of your personal statement before turning in your application. You may even want a professor to look it over before you write the final draft. 
This is especially true if you are asked to write your Personal Statement/Essay in Chinese. Remember to show maturity and to tell your audience what you are hoping to learn and get out of your study abroad program. Briefly explain your personal and academic goals. Most study abroad program administrators particularly want to know why you desire to study abroad in China.
You may want to dress professionally for your interview, and get a good night’s sleep beforehand. As you may be asked about the current events of China, it’s helpful to read Chinese and U.S. news in preparation for your interview. Remember your manners and be polite; give others your full attention and listen to everything being asked of you. Since group interviews are common, make sure to listen to other students as well. However, remember that a group interview is not a competition between you and the other students; you do not need to talk longer or louder than the others. If a question catches you off guard, or you don’t know the answer, ask the person to repeat the question. Take your time when answering, and be honest if you don’t know something.
Passport: A passport is a document from your home country that confirms your citizenship. You need a current passport that is valid beyond the time your program ends. Allow up to six weeks to receive a U.S. passport. It may take even longer to obtain a passport if you are a non-U.S. citizen. If you are applying for the first time for a 
Tickets: As most students will fly to China, your plane ticket will serve as your primary travel document. For others, a train or bus ticket may suffice. Some countries will require you to show that you have a return or ongoing flight scheduled within the allotted time for your visa. Student visas can last from one month to one year depending on the country where you will be studying or traveling. If you plan to stay longer, you will need to extend your visa.
Prescriptions (Translated): Don’t count on being able to purchase most Western medicine, even over-the-counter items, in Chinese pharmacies. If you require prescription medications while in China, you will very likely need to verify this requirement with a doctor's note. You may need a specially notarized prescription, translated into Chinese, if the Chinese pharmacy you go to does not recognize U.S. prescriptions.
International Student ID Card: You should consider purchasing an International Student ID Card (ISIC) as this can provide discounts, helps verify your travel purposes, and includes a limited amount of insurance and 24-hour assistance.
Travel Warnings and Consular Information Sheets: Read the U.S. Department of State’s 
Student I.D. Card (good for discounts too)
Routines and Schedules: Because of its gigantic geographic span, China should be divided into different time zones. However, Beijing time sets the standard time for the entire nation. Not only might you be dealing with a time difference upon arrival, but many Chinese also have a unique work schedule and ethic. You may have a long afternoon break between classes so that you can prepare and eat lunch at home. You may return to class late in the afternoon and have classes until later at night. You may eat lunch and dinner later than you are accustomed to doing. You will have to work your routine around Chinese business hours. You may find rural life in China to be slower paced and more basic than the lifestyle to which you are accustomed. You will also have to adapt your routine to bus and metro schedules and to your roommates’ schedules. There are countless ways in which your routine in China can be different from your routine in the United States.
Bathrooms and Toilets: You may very likely find things are different even in Chinese bathrooms. The idea of a western toilet with a porcelain bowl and a seat is not universal. Bathroom facilities abroad can literally be holes in the floor, outhouses, or non-existent. Bidets are common, especially in Europe. Toilet paper is often not available, or not commonly used. You may always want to carry a pocket pack of tissues with you just in case. Sinks and running water for you to wash your face and hands or brush your teeth may or may not be an option. If sink water is an option, be sure to ask if you can drink it or brush your teeth with it. Showers may also be different in China, as some cultures prefer to bathe in a tub or other water source instead. Hand-held water sprayers may replace U.S. style fixed showerheads.
Co-ed Living: If you are not comfortable with living with the opposite sex, make sure to make your wishes known before you are assigned housing, or before you place an ad for a roommate. Otherwise, you may be assigned to live in a co-ed dorm, or find that your roommates are of the opposite sex.
Reviewing Your Medical History and Needs Before Going Abroad: It is a good idea to have a checkup to know your current medical condition. Your doctor or nurse can also advise you on what special precautions to take based on your medical history and where you are studying abroad in China. You may need to go to a special travel health clinic to get clear advice on medical care abroad and what challenges you may face in China, including altitude sickness and allergies related to air pollution.
Availability of Medical Care: The type of medical care available will vary from country to country. In very few areas of China, medical care will seem similar to the type of care you find in the United States. In others, finding an English-speaking doctor or appropriate medical facility might be difficult. You should ask your program sponsor whether he or she can provide advice on available medical care and support in China. It is also important to find out about medical care during group or independent travel. In general, ambulance drivers are not trained and do not carry medical equipment on board. In some cases, it may be faster to take a taxi to the hospital. In rural areas, clinic staff are poorly trained, have few supplies, and are often unwilling to treat foreigners, even in the event of an emergency. Few pharmacies carry Western medicines comparable in strength and brand to the ones prescriptions are written for in the United States.
Other Aspects to Consider: Other aspects to consider include the financial limits of coverage, whether your insurance applies during independent travel or vacation, what countries it includes, whether evacuation and repatriation is included, the policy's start and end dates, and whether you will have to pay first for treatment and be reimbursed later by your insurance company.
Infectious Diseases and Inoculations: Find out about the infectious diseases endemic in China and countries to which you will be traveling, and get the appropriate shots and pills, and take the appropriate medications with you if your doctor thinks it's necessary. Find out about any potential side-effects of shots and pills that you may take. For more information on diseases prevalent in China, please see the CDC link in the 
Can You Drink the Water?: Find out if water is safe to drink in regions of China and in the countries to which you will be traveling. To avoid diarrhea and other bacteria, purify unsafe water before you drink it. Make sure water bottles come sealed when you buy them. Remember that ice can also be unsafe, as well as the water you use to brush your teeth.
Mental and Physical Health: Consider your own mental and physical health issues when applying for a study abroad program, and make all your necessary health information available to your program's administrators so they can assist you with any special needs, or advise you on the risks you might face. Study abroad may include both physical and mental challenges for students, so make sure you establish a support network of program administrators, family and friends who can help you.
Prescriptions: It can be quite difficult to obtain even common, over-the-counter medications found in Western pharmacies. Do not count on being able to fill your prescription in rural China, let alone some major cities. Get a doctor's signed prescription for any medication you have to bring with you to China. Some prescriptions may need to be translated into Chinese if you wish to fill them in China. Also include a copy of your prescription for your glasses or contact lenses. Bring an extra pair of glasses.
Fitness and Exercise: Try to get fit in the time you have before departing for China. A healthy body can help you fight off illness and recover faster if you do get sick. Even though it may be harder to follow a structured workout routine, try to stay fit while in China. Exercise also helps to increase energy levels and combat depression.
Air Travel: When you travel by air, drink a lot of non-alcoholic fluids, stay away from caffeine, eat light, and stretch often to avoid jetlag. Many airlines are now required to show an in-flight video of stretching exercises you can do on the plane in order to avoid the potential formation of blood clots, which can be caused by cabin pressure. A direct flight is usually easier for most travelers, but flights broken up by stops can also lessen jet lag.
Train/Metro: Metro systems are located in four major Chinese cities: Beijing, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Tianjin. Shanghai is 15 hours from Beijing by train. A train from Beijing to Hong Kong takes 30 hours, but to fly the same distance would be as expensive as flying from the west coast of the United States to Hong Kong!
Alcohol and Drugs: Use and abuse of alcohol and drugs abroad can increase the risk of accident and injury. Many study abroad accidents and injuries are related to the use and abuse of alcohol and drugs abroad. Violating drug laws in China may result in very serious consequences. In some countries you may visit, being found guilty of violating drug laws can result in consequences as serious as death.
Precautions When Accepting Food and Drink: Be cautious about accepting drinks (alcoholic or non-alcoholic) from a stranger. Be cautious about accepting food from a stranger.
International Sources of Information: Inform yourself as much as possible about your new environment, making use of as many different sources as possible - online, in the library, on television and radio news programs, and in the paper. Don't limit yourself to U.S. sources. Instead, contrast the U.S. information with that provided by China and other countries. Please see “Media” in the 
How to Dress: It is often best to dress conservatively - by local standards, so you can't be identified on sight as a tourist or a U.S. citizen.
Personal space and boundaries may also be different in other countries, so make sure to clearly establish behavior that shows you're not interested. 
In some countries, even modern ones, homosexual sex itself can result in severe state-sanctioned punishment up to and including the death penalty. It is usually not homosexuality that brings about such punishments, but rather the sex act. You might want to consider how a possible threat of punishment might affect your activities in China. Acceptance and tolerance of non-heterosexuals is increasing, but some countries and individuals remain intolerant. Make sure to research the prevailing sentiment toward non-heterosexuals in China, and laws related to it. If you don’t want to compromise on your lifestyle, you may have to be selective in where you travel.
The disabled abroad can also be the victims of prejudice and stereotyping. The disabled report being stared at, ignored, un-assisted, and/ or talked down to more frequently abroad than they tend to be in the United States. In many countries, there are no standards or requirements for providing access for the disabled. Wheelchair ramps, handicapped parking spaces, Braille signs, and other aides may be non-existent in parts of China, especially rural areas. In addition to a lack of services provided to the physically disabled, there may also be a lack of services provided to those with a learning disability, those with a psychological or emotional need, or those who are mentally challenged. If you need to make special arrangements abroad, it is a good idea to inquire far in advance. Your program's staff in China may require some time in order to facilitate your needs. Even though you request that your special needs be met, it may be impossible for your program's staff abroad to assist you.
Several Americans have reported incidents of verbal abuse and one reported a physical assault in apparent reaction to U.S. policy on the war on terrorism. As elsewhere in Europe, there have been public protests, which for the most part are peaceful and well policed. Americans are advised, nonetheless, to avoid public demonstrations in general and to monitor local media when protests occur.
While most students experience a safe and healthy time abroad, some are forced to deal with minor emergencies. However, what students consider a minor emergency here at home can turn into a more difficult to handle situation abroad in China. Small emergencies abroad can seem like larger ones due to language and communication barriers, and a lack of familiarity with foreign surroundings. Some of the minor emergencies students have faced abroad in China included illnesses like diarrhea and heatstroke, and crimes like petty theft and mugging. 
On Your Own: If you are not studying/traveling with a program or group, it becomes even more crucial for you to create a detailed EAP; you might find yourself alone and entirely responsible for your own safety, your own evacuation, and your own well-being. If you are traveling independently, provide an itinerary for your trip. Check in with your emergency contacts by e-mail or phone from your various travel locations; this will help give them a general idea of where you are and where you are going. Remember to carry your 
Keeping Yourself Safe: Program sponsors can only do so much to ensure your safety. The student participants themselves can have a major impact on their own health and safety abroad through the decisions they make before and during the program, and by their day-to-day choices and behaviors. Check the 
Psychologists often refer to homesickness as “separation anxiety” because students—in particular those moving away from home—feel separated from all that is familiar.
Don’t wait for homesickness to go away by itself. Confront your feelings by talking to someone (a counselor, family member, roommate, or another student, etc.) about your homesickness. Chances are that the other students in your program may be feeling the same way you are.
Random Baggage Searches: If you are stopped and asked to open your luggage, cooperate with the customs officials. Customs officials often conduct random baggage searches; just because your luggage gets searched, doesn't mean you have done something wrong.
Drugs—even if a drug was legal in China or other countries, it may not be legal to bring it back to the United States. If you are carrying prescription drugs, it is important to have your prescription with you for proof. 
This is very similar to the initial feelings of fascination and excitement you may have when you first entered China. You may be very happy to see your family and friends again, and they are also happy to see you. The length of this stage varies, and often ends with the realization that most people are not as interested in your experiences in China as you had hoped. They will politely listen to your stories for a while, but you may find that soon they are ready to move on to the next topic of conversation.
There are many other scholarships out there, as well as on-line scholarship search engines (some of which you can find in the 
It also affords you the opportunity to share what you’ve learned with others who can benefit from your experiences abroad.